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Neuroscience > Lecture 11 > Flashcards

Lecture 11 Flashcards

1
Q

How many neurons are there in the human brain? What do they do?

A

10 (to the power of 12)

Excitable cells that do the “signalling”

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2
Q

How many non-neuronal cells are there in the human brain? what do they do?

A

More than 10 to the power of 11
Glia = glial cell - neuroglia
Non-excitable which support the function of the excitable cells

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3
Q

What are the four basic neuron types?

A

Multipolar neuron
Bipolar neuron
Pseudo-unipolar neuron
Unipolar neuron

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4
Q

What is an example of unipolar neurons?

A

Dorsal root ganglia

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5
Q

What is an example of a bipolar neuron?

A

Retina

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6
Q

How does the structure of multipolar neurons relate to its function?

A

Possesses a single axon and many dendrites and branches - allows connections and transmission of “information” with many neurons

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7
Q

Where can multipolar neurons be found in?

A

Hippocampus

  • Involved in memories
  • In order to sort through these data to produce a “narrative” or story of an episodic memory
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8
Q

What are the three major glial cell types?

A

Macroglia
Microglia
Ependyma

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9
Q

What are the three major macroglial cells?

A

Astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
Schwann cells

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10
Q

What is the structure of astrocytes?

A 
Fibrous
Protoplasmic
 - varies in shape
 - heterogeneous
 - different physiological features depending on where they are in the brain
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11
Q

What are the functions of astrocytes?

A

Create the brain environment, build up the micro-architecture of the brain parenchyma
Maintain brain homeostasis, store and distribute energy substrates
Control the development of neural cells
Synaptogenesis and synaptic maintenance
Brain defence

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12
Q

What is the difference between fibrous and protoplasmic astrocytes?

A 
Fibrous
 - white matter (myelinated axons)
 - Many fibrils in cytoplasm
Protoplasmic
 - Found in gray matter only
 - Shorter, stouter processes
 - Few cytoplasmic fibrils and organelles
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13
Q

How do astrocytes multiply?

A

Divide after injury
Occupy the spaces left by injured neurons
e.g. Prion diseases - causes holes in brain

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14
Q

What is a prion disease that results from cannibalism?

A

Kuru

- from eating human brains

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15
Q

What is the scientific name for mad cow disease?

A

Spongiform encephalopathy

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16
Q

How else do astrocytes function as?

A

High affinity uptake systems for neurotransmitters
e.g. glutamate, GABA
May act as storage systems for neurotransmitters when they are needed

17
Q

How do astrocytes deal with excess neurotransmitters in the cleft that has to be removed?

A
  1. Some neurotransmitters called “neuropeptides” simply diffuse out of the cleft and cannot exert their influence. They are destroyed by surrounding tissues in minutes or hours.
  2. Some neurotransmitters are transported back into the presynaptic terminal for reuse (reuptake) or into the postsynaptic terminal uptake
    e. g. serotonin and noradrenaline
18
Q

What is an enzyme that break down neurotransmitters in the cleft?

A

AChE

19
Q

What inhibits the activity of AChE?

A

Anti-AChE

Breaks down AChE so ACh keeps firing at neuromuscular junction - results in twitching

20
Q

Basal lamina of blood vessels is almost entirely covered by what glial cell?

A

Astrocytes

21
Q

What forms the “neurovascular bridge”?

A

One dendrite at the blood vessel, with its other at the neuronal membrane, synapse or axon

22
Q

What happens when neuron firing rate increases?

A

Astrocyte Ca influx increases
Release of vasoactive subtances from astrocyte
Blood vessel diameter changes

23
Q

What has fMRI measurements shown when looking for metabolic support?

A

Astrocytes control blood flow to certain parts of the CNS

24
Q

What are microglia?

A

Short spiky processes
Wide distribution
Major inflammatory cell type in the brain

25
Q

What are microglia derived from?

A

Circulating monocytes

26
Q

What is the phagocytosis of microglia similar to?

A

Macrophages

27
Q

What do microglia respond to?

A

Pathogens and injury by becoming activated

28
Q

What happens when microglia is activated?

A

Changes morphology
Proliferate and migrate to the site of infection/injury
They phagocytose and destroy pathogens as well as remove damaged cells

29
Q

What are ependyma?

A

Epithelia lining ventricles and spinal canal (aqueduct)

30
Q

What is the structure of ependyma?

A

Ciliated, cuboidal/columnar cover capillaries - choroid plexus

31
Q

What is the majority of ependyma cells?

A

Ependymocytes

32
Q

What are Tanycytes and what do they supposedly do?

A

Send chemical signals from CSF to CNS?

3rd and floor of 4th ventricle

33
Q

What do choroid epithelial cells do?

A

CSF formation and flow

waft CSF keeping it flowing

Neuroscience (28 decks)

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