Lecture 5 Flashcards
A change in the capability of a person to perform a skill that must be inferred from a relatively permanent improvement in performance as a result of practice or experience
AKA
Assocaited w/ capability
Can’t be measured itself has to be inferred
Learning
Is learning realtively perminant?
Yes
Is Learning measurable?
Not directly
Does performance indicate a capcity for what you’ve learned
No, sometimes you’re having a bad day and can’t perform - but you’ve learned it
KNOW: Learning is inferred from perforamnce over time
What are the 4 things that make up motor learning
1) Inferred from performance (we measure it based on performance)
2) Relatively perminant
3) Due to ptractice
4) Not influenced by performance variables
What 4 things make up performance?
1) observable
2) Temporary
3) May not be due to practice (might just get lucky or unlucky)
4) May be influenced by performance variables
Factors that can affect a persons performance but not the degree of learning the person has achieved are _________. Give some examples
Performance variables - things that affect performance in a moment in time
Alterness
Anxiety
Uniqueness of setting
Fatigue
Temp
What are the 6 performance charctertistics that indicate learning? (you can derivie that you’ve had learning if these 6 are happening)
1) Improvement over time
2) Consistency - same or similar each time, less varibility - does the skill come out the same everytime you do it
3) Stability - less disturbance of the performance by internal and external perturbations (increased stability of the skill means that it is less affected by those perforamnce variables)
4) Persistence - performance capability contineus over time (i got from this point to this point w/ practice and i can maintain this level of perfomrnace moving forward)
5) Adabptability to a variety of performance contexts - generalizability - regardless of wahts happening, maybe im ona. different surface or have visual / auditory disturbances i can still adapt
6) Reduction of attention to the tasks demands (don’t even have to think about it)
Achieving these means we can say that motor learning has occured by looking at that motor performance
KNOW: We can assess kearning by just watching them move
KNOW: Can plot performance curves where you’re plotting how they’re performing
What is a retention test? what does it relate to?
it relates to persistance (retaining skill over time)
Meaning they reatined the skill over time
(type of assessing learning)
What is a retention interval?
The time between when you first test them (their performance) and test the second time (type of assessing learning)
What are transfer tests? What are they assocaited w/
Associated w/ adaptability (type of assessing learning)
Can we take the tests we’ve learned and switch them to do a different task
How well the person can coordinate the movement patterns into the tasks they’re doing is called _____
Coordination dynamics (type of assessing learning)
Doing a task w/ a mirrior then taking away the mirrior is what kind of test?
Transfer test - checks their adapitability between skills - if they can do one skill can they change it and still perform the skill
If you are working w/ a pt on nice smooth surfaces at the hospital then you take them outside on bumpy surfaces. What kind of test is this?
Transfer tests - tests that adaptability between skills
When you change ther personal charcteristics of the test taker - aka they’ve been using two canes to walk and now they are given just one. What kind of test is this (to assess motor learning)
Transfer test - can they adapt their skills to a different skill
If I take a pt who is comfortable doing a single task and then make them do another task at the same time as that single tast what kind of transfer test is this called?
Dual task transfer test
The pt has been playing tennis but now we want to see how good their skills are at pickleball. What kind of test is this called?
Transfer test - seeing the adaptability of their skills
Does performance represent learning?
No - you can be having a bad day
KNOW: Period of transition between two phases of acquiring certain aspects of a skill can cause a palteau
Period of moor motivsation, time of fatigue / lack of motiviation can cause a plateau
Ceiling / floor effects can cause a performance plateau
What is a floor effect?
test is so hard that it doesnt even represent your score
What is a ceiling effect?
Test to easy and doesnt represent your actual score
What are the 3 stages of motor learning?
1) Cognitive
2) Associative
3) Autonomous
In what stage of motor learning does the BEGINNER focus on cognitvely oriented problems related to what to do and how to do it?
There are lots of mistakes, and errors are large in this stage
A highly variable performance
They need lots of help on how to improve and what to do
This is when they’re just wrapping their head around it
Conitive stage
In what stage of motor learning does the person associate specific environmental cues with the movements required to achieve the goal of the skill?
There are fewer mistakes here and erroes are small
It is also called the refining stage
Decreased performance variability
Able to self-assess and identify some of own performance errors
Associative stage - they have a much better handle on the task now
in what stage of motor learning has the skill become almost automatic or habitual
Person does not consicously think about the movement while perofrming the skill
easy for them to dual task
Performance variability is very small
Consistency from one perfomrance to the next is easy for them (adapitability)
Can detect many of their own errors and make proper adjustments without consciousness awareness
note much practice varibaility here (even lots of factors like stress don’t make them mess up)
Autonomous stage (auto)
This is how they move through the sages of motor learning w/ expert being on the end
Do the cognitive stage, assocaitive stage and autonomous stage take an even amount of time to get through
No, lots of variability
NOTE: We need practice to move from one stage to the next - and not everyone will take the same amount of time in each stage
NOTE: Accelerating someone through motor skills we slow them down
NOTE: If you change someones movement pattern within the skill they’re going to be much worse at the skill (think switching squatting form so you’re not hurting yourself will decrease the amount you’re able to squat at first)
KNOW: Large amounts of improvement occur during early practie; smaller amounts of improvement occur during lateral practice
Cognitive –> Assocaitive –> autonmous
We need large amounts of change to get us from cognititve to assicative nad less from assocative to autonmous so it will look like you accelerate really quickly at the start then slow down (think noobie gains)
Early stages = big changes
What are freezing of the degrees of freedom?
Hd to toe, if im doing an activity that makes me use multiple parts of my body - it is our nature to protect ourself - so you freeze up most aspects of your body when you’re attempting to learn the new movement parttern (more rigid or locking down) - this causes balance issues etc
KNOW: we can be fighting prelearned motor pattern if were trying to change a skill
KNOW: As the person becomes more coordianted w/ the skill they use their visual attention differently. it becomes more broad and produces more information (less specific)
KNOW: Whatever sensory environment the learning occured - the learning is going to be specific to that places
What is the only charcterstic that does not change across the stages of learning?
Sensory feedback (if you’re only ever working w/ pt in your clinic they are always going to have the same sensory environment and does not transfer over well to the real world –> they won’t depenstrate the same level of learning when they go to a different environment and ask them to do the same task –> switch up the environment!!!)
What is the one thing that takes you from the cognititve phase to the expert phase?
Practice
What are the 3 important aspects of practice?
1) Intense practice
2) Deliberate praoctice to improve specific aspects of perforamnce
3) Sucessive refinement (need to refine what you’re doing) - can’t just do something over and over again and not refine what you’re doing - need to be deliberate about what you’re doing
are experties domain specifc?
Yes, if they are expert in one field they won’t be an expert in another one
Do novice or experts use more visual attention
Experts - but they get far more from that visual attention than that novice does (they get more meaning from it)
they get a lot more meaning a lot faster from that visual attention - can look at environment and get taht information a lot faster than a novice (recognize patterns in the environment faster)
KNOW: Trasnfer of learning: previous ability to do amotor skill affect the ability to learn a new one
IS transfer of learning good or bad
Can be both
What is a posititve transfer?
Previous experience makes learning a new motor skill easier
What is a negative transfer?
Previsous experience makes learning a new motor skill harder
“I can’t learn this because I learned this”
KNOW: Negative transfer is when two skills are two similar so I can’t unlearn one so I can learn the other
Are the effects of negative transfer long lasting?
No! you can typically unlearn something pretty easy
What phase of motor learning do positive and negative transfers take place?
Cognitive phase
For the electric slide dance, give how we would learn it in the cognittive, associative, and aoutonmous stage
Cognittive: Learning direction and timing of movement - lots of repetition (proably mass practice since more novel - do it over and over again without much break between). Do things close to the body because you tend to learn them faster. Slow everything down. Part practice (high complexity low organization).
NOTE: you would get the most benefit from mental practice as you’re transfering from cognitive to assocaitve phase
**Associative: **Change the environment (increase adaptiability), move to whole practice
NOTE: You can also use mental practice here “you’re visulizing doing this as perfectly as possible”
Autonmous: in this phase they would just go - don’t really need practice here
Would mental practice help more with electric slide or roller skating?
Electric slide
