Lecture 1 (ML) Flashcards
to not suck
What are activities or tasks that require voluntary control over movements of the joints and body segments to achieve a goal
Motor Skill (think walking)
Think of it as voluntary movement with a purpose
Activity or task that has a specific purpose or goal to achieve
Skill
What are 3 things that every skill has
Degree of compentence (you’ve done it before)
Capacity to perform (someone without arms cannot dribble a basketball)
Efficiency when performing an activity or task
What is acquisition, enhancement, reacquisition of a motor skill?
Motor learning
Get the skill enhance it reget it but better
enhance = tweak and improve
Activation and coordination of muscles and limbs involved in the performance of a motor skill
Motor control
This is activiating everything that needs to be activate effecicently
How growth and maturation influence changes in motor behavior
Motor development
Babys mature and continue maturing until they get old
So its not just babys turning into adults, but adults also turning into elderly (so eventually it develops in a degenerative kind of way)
Why does motor control change w/ aging?
Motor control is the activation and coordination of msucles and limbs involved in the performance of a motor skill
As we age we lose myelination / efficency so our motor contorl decreases
What happens to motor control w/ maturity (going from baby to teenager)
It increases
The activation / coordination of muscles and limbs involved in the performance of a motor skill increases
What three major catgories affect the motor skill perforamance?
Motor skill = activities or tasks that require voluntary control over movements of the joints and body segments to achieve a goal
1) performance environment (amount of space, weather, # of people around etc.)
2) The Skill itself (difficulty level,)
3) The person (age, cognition, motor capibilities, stress)
KNOW: Motor skill = Motor action
Every motor skill must have a reason to be used (goal to achieve)
Every motor skill must be performed voluntarily (not reflexive)
Must require movements of joints / body segments
Must be learned or relearned (because its a skill)
What is specific patterns of motion among joints and body segments?
Movement
You can take a motor skill and break it down into its individual _________
Movements
KNOW: Walking is a skill and is made up of many different movements
Can many movement patterns acomplish the same skill?
Yes
Think about walking, there can be many different ways to do it (think about all the disabilities)
Is there one perfect way to move?
No
Is neurplasticity a positive or negative thing
Both
Damage to brain = bad neuroplasticity
Rewiring that damage = good neuroplasticity
Give an example of a motor skill
Throwing, locomotion, sit to stand
Any voluntary motor movement w/ a purpose (specific goal)
Compare and contrast feedforward vs Feedback
Feedforward: The anticipation of wahts about to come
Feedback: reacting to whats just happened
If were moving from the front of the room to the back of the room and the room is empty do we have more feedforward or feedback?
Feedback (because we don’t need much anticiptory)
- if the environment is stable you don’t need to worry about making adjustments to whats around you as much
Do we need more feedforward or feedback when moving in a crowded mall?
Feedforward - we need to be able to anticipate people coming and dodge them
Awarness of where the body is in space is
proprioception
VOR is
stabilization of gaze
When throwing a large object to a friend do we need more or less vision, propriception, environmental awanress / thing were standing on?
Because the bigger object is harder to throw all of those things are going to have a bigger impact on how accurately its thrown
Do you need more VOR for launching a baseball into space or throwing it to your friend?
To friend (need more stabilization of gaze when aiming)
When drinking water do we use more feedforward or feedback?
feedforward (anticipatory) because we don’t want to dump it on ourselves
When standing up from a moving bus do we need more feedfoward or feedback?
Feedback
Theres no way to anticipate it if its moving so you’re going to need to correct yourself if thrown off balance
Define gross motor skills
Things only involving larger muscles (think walking / sit to stand etc.)
Define fine motor skill
Things that use small muscles
(typing, texting)
Is throwing a baseball a fine motor skill or a gross motor skill?
Both
Fine = grip
Gross = the arm movement to throw it / leg stance
Define continous motor skills
Give examples
Things with random beginning and ends
Steering a car, walking, swimming
Often are random movements
Define discrete movements. give examples
Things with very specific beginnings and very specific ends
Turning on a light switch, hitting a piano key
Single movement not a repetitive movement
Are repeptive movements discrete or continuous
continuous (think swimming) - very random stop and start
What are serial movements?
Give an example
continuous series of discrete movements
Playing a song on piano. Were pressing lots of keys (each key = discrete movement) to make up one long random continuous song. It has an aspect of repetitiveness (hitting keys over and over but hitting each key has a distinct beginning and end)
define open motor skills
Is it more or less predictable?
things are happening around a system - the system is not contained
EX: you’re walking on a sidewalk and other things are moving (people walking past you)
Less predictable
Define a closed motor skill
More or less predictable?
Everything is more stationary
Picking up a cut or shooting a free throw - not much is moving around you (not much variation)
More predictable
Is walking up 3 stairs then back down discrete or continuous?
Discrete
Theres a specific start and stop
I want you to walk up and down this flight of stairs until I tell you to stop. Is this discrete or cintuous motor skills?
Continuous (because its an arbitray [random] start or stop)
is a stationary environment open or closed?
Closed
Explain a stationary environment with variability vs without variability
Without variability means that same static environment where the patient steps up and down off the same step length every time we do it (the environment is still closed and things in the environment are all the same [step height is the same everywhere])
Stationary environment without variability means that patient is stepping on steps that are different sizes (the environment itself is still closed but the thing in the environment are different)
What does in-motion conditions mean?
The environment moves itself
Compare and contrast in-motion conditions with variability vs without variability
With variability: environment is moving itself (constant treadmil pace)
Without variability: environment is moving itself in a variabile way (treadmill changing spreeds)
Object manipulation =object is moving
Give an example of No object manipulation, stationary conditions and no internal variability
Standing alone in a room
Holding a yoga pose
Give an example of stationary conditions, with variability and no object manipulation
Standing on different surfaces
what is the general trait or capacity of an individual that determines a person’s potential to achieve and perform a specific skill?
Ability
trait = being tall to play basketball
Ability that is specifically realted to the performance of a motor skill
Motor ability
ability to perform the motor skill (Dr. V. can play basketball so she has the motor skill - just not to do it at a very high level)
Many different motor abilities that exist in an individual are highly related and can be characeterized in terms of a singular, global motor ability is general motor ability hypothesis or specificity of motor abilities hypothesis
it was disproven
general motor ability hypothesis
made because some people just seem to be good at everything (think they developed on skill that allowed them to do anything - however this is not true)
The many motor abilities in an individual are relatively independent. Is this genreal motor ability hypothesis or specificity of motor abilities hypothesis.
specificicity of motor abilities hypothesis (true)
motor abilities are all relatively independent. That person who is good at all sports has developed the motor pathways that will allow them to be good at all these similar activities. If they had only focused on one particular sport we wouldnt see that much carrier over
This shows us motor pathways are relatively independent
Postural stability =
balance
What 3 things impact motor ability?
Balance
Timing
Visual input
Internal timer is super important for activites (can be messed up with stroke). What would we use if their internal timer is messed up?
An external timer
Something that forces things in the skill to be done at the correct time but is outside the body
Is walking with the patient an external or internal timer?
External (you’re pacing them)
can vision have an impact on how fast someone can learn a motor skill?
Yes
acuity is
someones ability to see
Ability to coordinate movements of several limbs simultaneously. Control Precision, Reaction Time, Wrist Finger Speed, Speed of Arm Movement, Aiming, Manual Dexterity, Arm-Hand Steadiness, Response Orientation, Finger Dexterity, Rate Control, Multilimb Coordination.
give an example of what it is as well
Multilimb coordination
walking
Ability to make rapid and precise movements adjustments of control devices involving single arm hand or leg movements adjustments are made to visual stimuli. Control Precision, Reaction Time, Wrist Finger Speed, Speed of Arm Movement, Aiming, Manual Dexterity, Arm-Hand Steadiness, Response Orientation, Finger Dexterity, Rate Control, Multilimb Coordination.
give an example
Control precision
moving a joystick
Ability to make a rapid selection of controls to be moved or the direction to move them in. Control Precision, Reaction Time, Wrist Finger Speed, Speed of Arm Movement, Aiming, Manual Dexterity, Arm-Hand Steadiness, Response Orientation, Finger Dexterity, Rate Control, Multilimb Coordination.
Give an example
Response orientation (directionto move them in [think orientation)
Dodging someone
Ability to respond rapidly to a signal when it appears. Control Precision, Reaction Time, Wrist Finger Speed, Speed of Arm Movement, Aiming, Manual Dexterity, Arm-Hand Steadiness, Response Orientation, Finger Dexterity, Rate Control, Multilimb Coordination.
give an example of this
Reaction time
When the light turns green
Ability to rapidly make a gross, discrete arm movement where accuracy is minimized. Control Precision, Reaction Time, Wrist Finger Speed, Speed of Arm Movement, Aiming, Manual Dexterity, Arm-Hand Steadiness, Response Orientation, Finger Dexterity, Rate Control, Multilimb Coordination.
give an example of this
Speed of arm movement
launching a ball
Ability to time continuous anticipatory movement adjustments in response to speed and or direction changes of a continuously moving taget/object. Control Precision, Reaction Time, Wrist Finger Speed, Speed of Arm Movement, Aiming, Manual Dexterity, Arm-Hand Steadiness, Response Orientation, Finger Dexterity, Rate Control, Multilimb Coordination.
give an example of this
Rate control
Playing tennis / skiing on a crowded slope
Ability to make skillful arm-hand movements to manipulate fairly large objects under speeded conditions. Control Precision, Reaction Time, Wrist Finger Speed, Speed of Arm Movement, Aiming, Manual Dexterity, Arm-Hand Steadiness, Response Orientation, Finger Dexterity, Rate Control, Multilimb Coordination.
give an example of this
Manual dexterity
javlin
Ability to make skillful, controlled manipulations of tiny objects involving primarily the fingers. Control Precision, Reaction Time, Wrist Finger Speed, Speed of Arm Movement, Aiming, Manual Dexterity, Arm-Hand Steadiness, Response Orientation, Finger Dexterity, Rate Control, Multilimb Coordination.
Give an example of this
finger dexterity
playing piano
dexterity defintion
skill in performing tasks
Ability to make precise arm-hand position movements where strenth and speed are minimized; includes maintaing arm-hand steadiness during arm movement or in a static arm positino. Control Precision, Reaction Time, Wrist Finger Speed, Speed of Arm Movement, Aiming, Manual Dexterity, Arm-Hand Steadiness, Response Orientation, Finger Dexterity, Rate Control, Multilimb Coordination.
give an example of this
arm-hand steadiness
painting / brushing teeth
Ability to make rapid and repetitive movements with the hand and fingers, and.or rotary wrist movements when accuracy is not critical. Control Precision, Reaction Time, Wrist Finger Speed, Speed of Arm Movement, Aiming, Manual Dexterity, Arm-Hand Steadiness, Response Orientation, Finger Dexterity, Rate Control, Multilimb Coordination.
give an example of this
wrist-finger speed
playing drumbs
ability to rapidly and accurately move the hand to a small target. Control Precision, Reaction Time, Wrist Finger Speed, Speed of Arm Movement, Aiming, Manual Dexterity, Arm-Hand Steadiness, Response Orientation, Finger Dexterity, Rate Control, Multilimb Coordination.
give an example of this
aiming
hitting a bug
Explain in motion environment
The environment moving (hitting a teenis ball shot at you, or wakling on the treadmil)
Explain a stationary environment
when the environment is moving (BUT YOU CAN STILL BE MOVING)
Think walking in a hallway where nothing else is moving
Explain internal variability
whether the regulatory conditions (environment) is the same or different from trial to trial
None = person walks through uncluttered room several times
Yes = someone walks through a room several times when the objects are moved around from time to time
Shooting a free throw in basketball
Stationary or in motion
Internal varbaility or No internal varbaility
Stationary (nothing in the environment is moving)
No internal varbaility (everytime you go to shoot a freethrow its from the same spot with same environment from trial to trial)
Walking in an uncluttered hallway
Stationary or in motion conditions
Varbaibilty or none
Stationary (even though you are walking your environment is not moving)
Varbiaility - none = you are walking down the same hallway over and over and nothing changes
Golf shots during a around of gold (so all the shots you hit throughout the game)
Stationary or in motion
Stiationary (you’re hitting at the hole - nothing is moving in the environment)
Variablility = yes = every different shot is from a different place so there is variability
Taking several drinks of water from the same glass
Stationary or in motion
Variabile or none
Stationary - everything moving in the envuironment you’re causing to move (environment not moving on its own)
Variable = every time you drink from that glass the water level is different meaning you need to put it up to your mouth with different force everytime
Hitting tennis balls projected at the same speed form a ball machine
Stationary or in motion
Vairable or none
In motion (the environment is moving - you’re not causing the balls to be shot at you
No variability - its the same hit everytime - nothing is changing from tiral too trial
Walking on a treadmil at a constant speed
Stationary / In-motion
Variabile / none
In-motion (you’re not causing the surface below you to move)
No vairability (the treadmil at the same constant speed form trial to trial)
Hitting tennis balls during a rally in a game
Stationry / in motion
Varaibility / none
In motion (you’re not causing the tennis balls to be hit at you - but they’re moving)
Variability (every hit is going to be different)
Walking in a hallway crowded with moving people
Stationary / in-motion
Variability / none
in-motion
yes variability (everytime you walk through the people are going to be in a differnet location)
what is body stability
refers to skills that involve no change in body location (standing, drinking from a cup, shooting an arrow)
What is body transport?
Body moving (can be active or passive)
What is object manipulation?
using an object (or holding it)
