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ML Test 1 > Lecture 1 (ML) > Flashcards

Lecture 1 (ML) Flashcards

to not suck

1
Q

What are activities or tasks that require voluntary control over movements of the joints and body segments to achieve a goal

A

Motor Skill (think walking)

Think of it as voluntary movement with a purpose

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2
Q

Activity or task that has a specific purpose or goal to achieve

A

Skill

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3
Q

What are 3 things that every skill has

A

Degree of compentence (you’ve done it before)

Capacity to perform (someone without arms cannot dribble a basketball)

Efficiency when performing an activity or task

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4
Q

What is acquisition, enhancement, reacquisition of a motor skill?

A

Motor learning

Get the skill enhance it reget it but better

enhance = tweak and improve

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5
Q

Activation and coordination of muscles and limbs involved in the performance of a motor skill

A

Motor control

This is activiating everything that needs to be activate effecicently

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6
Q

How growth and maturation influence changes in motor behavior

A

Motor development

Babys mature and continue maturing until they get old

So its not just babys turning into adults, but adults also turning into elderly (so eventually it develops in a degenerative kind of way)

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7
Q

Why does motor control change w/ aging?

A

Motor control is the activation and coordination of msucles and limbs involved in the performance of a motor skill

As we age we lose myelination / efficency so our motor contorl decreases

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8
Q

What happens to motor control w/ maturity (going from baby to teenager)

A

It increases

The activation / coordination of muscles and limbs involved in the performance of a motor skill increases

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9
Q

What three major catgories affect the motor skill perforamance?

A

Motor skill = activities or tasks that require voluntary control over movements of the joints and body segments to achieve a goal

1) performance environment (amount of space, weather, # of people around etc.)

2) The Skill itself (difficulty level,)

3) The person (age, cognition, motor capibilities, stress)

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10
Q

KNOW: Motor skill = Motor action

Every motor skill must have a reason to be used (goal to achieve)

Every motor skill must be performed voluntarily (not reflexive)

Must require movements of joints / body segments

Must be learned or relearned (because its a skill)

A
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11
Q

What is specific patterns of motion among joints and body segments?

A

Movement

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12
Q

You can take a motor skill and break it down into its individual _________

A

Movements

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13
Q

KNOW: Walking is a skill and is made up of many different movements

A
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14
Q

Can many movement patterns acomplish the same skill?

A

Yes

Think about walking, there can be many different ways to do it (think about all the disabilities)

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15
Q

Is there one perfect way to move?

A

No

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16
Q

Is neurplasticity a positive or negative thing

A

Both

Damage to brain = bad neuroplasticity

Rewiring that damage = good neuroplasticity

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17
Q

Give an example of a motor skill

A

Throwing, locomotion, sit to stand

Any voluntary motor movement w/ a purpose (specific goal)

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18
Q

Compare and contrast feedforward vs Feedback

A

Feedforward: The anticipation of wahts about to come

Feedback: reacting to whats just happened

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19
Q

If were moving from the front of the room to the back of the room and the room is empty do we have more feedforward or feedback?

A

Feedback (because we don’t need much anticiptory)

  • if the environment is stable you don’t need to worry about making adjustments to whats around you as much
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20
Q

Do we need more feedforward or feedback when moving in a crowded mall?

A

Feedforward - we need to be able to anticipate people coming and dodge them

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21
Q

Awarness of where the body is in space is

A

proprioception

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22
Q

VOR is

A

stabilization of gaze

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23
Q

When throwing a large object to a friend do we need more or less vision, propriception, environmental awanress / thing were standing on?

A

Because the bigger object is harder to throw all of those things are going to have a bigger impact on how accurately its thrown

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24
Q

Do you need more VOR for launching a baseball into space or throwing it to your friend?

A

To friend (need more stabilization of gaze when aiming)

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25
Q

When drinking water do we use more feedforward or feedback?

A

feedforward (anticipatory) because we don’t want to dump it on ourselves

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26
Q

When standing up from a moving bus do we need more feedfoward or feedback?

A

Feedback

Theres no way to anticipate it if its moving so you’re going to need to correct yourself if thrown off balance

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27
Q

Define gross motor skills

A

Things only involving larger muscles (think walking / sit to stand etc.)

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28
Q

Define fine motor skill

A

Things that use small muscles
(typing, texting)

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29
Q

Is throwing a baseball a fine motor skill or a gross motor skill?

A

Both
Fine = grip
Gross = the arm movement to throw it / leg stance

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30
Q

Define continous motor skills

Give examples

A

Things with random beginning and ends

Steering a car, walking, swimming

Often are random movements

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31
Q

Define discrete movements. give examples

A

Things with very specific beginnings and very specific ends

Turning on a light switch, hitting a piano key

Single movement not a repetitive movement

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32
Q

Are repeptive movements discrete or continuous

A

continuous (think swimming) - very random stop and start

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33
Q

What are serial movements?

Give an example

A

continuous series of discrete movements

Playing a song on piano. Were pressing lots of keys (each key = discrete movement) to make up one long random continuous song. It has an aspect of repetitiveness (hitting keys over and over but hitting each key has a distinct beginning and end)

34
Q

define open motor skills

Is it more or less predictable?

A

things are happening around a system - the system is not contained

EX: you’re walking on a sidewalk and other things are moving (people walking past you)

Less predictable

35
Q

Define a closed motor skill

More or less predictable?

A

Everything is more stationary

Picking up a cut or shooting a free throw - not much is moving around you (not much variation)

More predictable

36
Q

Is walking up 3 stairs then back down discrete or continuous?

A

Discrete

Theres a specific start and stop

37
Q

I want you to walk up and down this flight of stairs until I tell you to stop. Is this discrete or cintuous motor skills?

A

Continuous (because its an arbitray [random] start or stop)

38
Q

is a stationary environment open or closed?

A

Closed

39
Q

Explain a stationary environment with variability vs without variability

A

Without variability means that same static environment where the patient steps up and down off the same step length every time we do it (the environment is still closed and things in the environment are all the same [step height is the same everywhere])

Stationary environment without variability means that patient is stepping on steps that are different sizes (the environment itself is still closed but the thing in the environment are different)

40
Q

What does in-motion conditions mean?

A

The environment moves itself

41
Q

Compare and contrast in-motion conditions with variability vs without variability

A

With variability: environment is moving itself (constant treadmil pace)

Without variability: environment is moving itself in a variabile way (treadmill changing spreeds)

42
Q

Object manipulation =object is moving

A
43
Q

Give an example of No object manipulation, stationary conditions and no internal variability

A

Standing alone in a room

Holding a yoga pose

44
Q

Give an example of stationary conditions, with variability and no object manipulation

A

Standing on different surfaces

45
Q

what is the general trait or capacity of an individual that determines a person’s potential to achieve and perform a specific skill?

A

Ability

trait = being tall to play basketball

46
Q

Ability that is specifically realted to the performance of a motor skill

A

Motor ability

ability to perform the motor skill (Dr. V. can play basketball so she has the motor skill - just not to do it at a very high level)

47
Q

Many different motor abilities that exist in an individual are highly related and can be characeterized in terms of a singular, global motor ability is general motor ability hypothesis or specificity of motor abilities hypothesis

A

it was disproven

general motor ability hypothesis

made because some people just seem to be good at everything (think they developed on skill that allowed them to do anything - however this is not true)

48
Q

The many motor abilities in an individual are relatively independent. Is this genreal motor ability hypothesis or specificity of motor abilities hypothesis.

A

specificicity of motor abilities hypothesis (true)

motor abilities are all relatively independent. That person who is good at all sports has developed the motor pathways that will allow them to be good at all these similar activities. If they had only focused on one particular sport we wouldnt see that much carrier over

This shows us motor pathways are relatively independent

49
Q

Postural stability =

A

balance

50
Q

What 3 things impact motor ability?

A

Balance
Timing
Visual input

51
Q

Internal timer is super important for activites (can be messed up with stroke). What would we use if their internal timer is messed up?

A

An external timer

Something that forces things in the skill to be done at the correct time but is outside the body

52
Q

Is walking with the patient an external or internal timer?

A

External (you’re pacing them)

53
Q

can vision have an impact on how fast someone can learn a motor skill?

A

Yes

54
Q

acuity is

A

someones ability to see

55
Q

Ability to coordinate movements of several limbs simultaneously. Control Precision, Reaction Time, Wrist Finger Speed, Speed of Arm Movement, Aiming, Manual Dexterity, Arm-Hand Steadiness, Response Orientation, Finger Dexterity, Rate Control, Multilimb Coordination.

give an example of what it is as well

A

Multilimb coordination

walking

56
Q

Ability to make rapid and precise movements adjustments of control devices involving single arm hand or leg movements adjustments are made to visual stimuli. Control Precision, Reaction Time, Wrist Finger Speed, Speed of Arm Movement, Aiming, Manual Dexterity, Arm-Hand Steadiness, Response Orientation, Finger Dexterity, Rate Control, Multilimb Coordination.

give an example

A

Control precision

moving a joystick

57
Q

Ability to make a rapid selection of controls to be moved or the direction to move them in. Control Precision, Reaction Time, Wrist Finger Speed, Speed of Arm Movement, Aiming, Manual Dexterity, Arm-Hand Steadiness, Response Orientation, Finger Dexterity, Rate Control, Multilimb Coordination.

Give an example

A

Response orientation (directionto move them in [think orientation)

Dodging someone

58
Q

Ability to respond rapidly to a signal when it appears. Control Precision, Reaction Time, Wrist Finger Speed, Speed of Arm Movement, Aiming, Manual Dexterity, Arm-Hand Steadiness, Response Orientation, Finger Dexterity, Rate Control, Multilimb Coordination.

give an example of this

A

Reaction time

When the light turns green

59
Q

Ability to rapidly make a gross, discrete arm movement where accuracy is minimized. Control Precision, Reaction Time, Wrist Finger Speed, Speed of Arm Movement, Aiming, Manual Dexterity, Arm-Hand Steadiness, Response Orientation, Finger Dexterity, Rate Control, Multilimb Coordination.

give an example of this

A

Speed of arm movement

launching a ball

60
Q

Ability to time continuous anticipatory movement adjustments in response to speed and or direction changes of a continuously moving taget/object. Control Precision, Reaction Time, Wrist Finger Speed, Speed of Arm Movement, Aiming, Manual Dexterity, Arm-Hand Steadiness, Response Orientation, Finger Dexterity, Rate Control, Multilimb Coordination.

give an example of this

A

Rate control

Playing tennis / skiing on a crowded slope

61
Q

Ability to make skillful arm-hand movements to manipulate fairly large objects under speeded conditions. Control Precision, Reaction Time, Wrist Finger Speed, Speed of Arm Movement, Aiming, Manual Dexterity, Arm-Hand Steadiness, Response Orientation, Finger Dexterity, Rate Control, Multilimb Coordination.

give an example of this

A

Manual dexterity

javlin

62
Q

Ability to make skillful, controlled manipulations of tiny objects involving primarily the fingers. Control Precision, Reaction Time, Wrist Finger Speed, Speed of Arm Movement, Aiming, Manual Dexterity, Arm-Hand Steadiness, Response Orientation, Finger Dexterity, Rate Control, Multilimb Coordination.

Give an example of this

A

finger dexterity

playing piano

63
Q

dexterity defintion

A

skill in performing tasks

64
Q

Ability to make precise arm-hand position movements where strenth and speed are minimized; includes maintaing arm-hand steadiness during arm movement or in a static arm positino. Control Precision, Reaction Time, Wrist Finger Speed, Speed of Arm Movement, Aiming, Manual Dexterity, Arm-Hand Steadiness, Response Orientation, Finger Dexterity, Rate Control, Multilimb Coordination.

give an example of this

A

arm-hand steadiness

painting / brushing teeth

65
Q

Ability to make rapid and repetitive movements with the hand and fingers, and.or rotary wrist movements when accuracy is not critical. Control Precision, Reaction Time, Wrist Finger Speed, Speed of Arm Movement, Aiming, Manual Dexterity, Arm-Hand Steadiness, Response Orientation, Finger Dexterity, Rate Control, Multilimb Coordination.

give an example of this

A

wrist-finger speed

playing drumbs

66
Q

ability to rapidly and accurately move the hand to a small target. Control Precision, Reaction Time, Wrist Finger Speed, Speed of Arm Movement, Aiming, Manual Dexterity, Arm-Hand Steadiness, Response Orientation, Finger Dexterity, Rate Control, Multilimb Coordination.

give an example of this

A

aiming

hitting a bug

67
Q

Explain in motion environment

A

The environment moving (hitting a teenis ball shot at you, or wakling on the treadmil)

68
Q

Explain a stationary environment

A

when the environment is moving (BUT YOU CAN STILL BE MOVING)

Think walking in a hallway where nothing else is moving

69
Q

Explain internal variability

A

whether the regulatory conditions (environment) is the same or different from trial to trial

None = person walks through uncluttered room several times

Yes = someone walks through a room several times when the objects are moved around from time to time

70
Q

Shooting a free throw in basketball

Stationary or in motion
Internal varbaility or No internal varbaility

A

Stationary (nothing in the environment is moving)

No internal varbaility (everytime you go to shoot a freethrow its from the same spot with same environment from trial to trial)

71
Q

Walking in an uncluttered hallway

Stationary or in motion conditions
Varbaibilty or none

A

Stationary (even though you are walking your environment is not moving)

Varbiaility - none = you are walking down the same hallway over and over and nothing changes

72
Q

Golf shots during a around of gold (so all the shots you hit throughout the game)

Stationary or in motion

A

Stiationary (you’re hitting at the hole - nothing is moving in the environment)

Variablility = yes = every different shot is from a different place so there is variability

73
Q

Taking several drinks of water from the same glass

Stationary or in motion
Variabile or none

A

Stationary - everything moving in the envuironment you’re causing to move (environment not moving on its own)

Variable = every time you drink from that glass the water level is different meaning you need to put it up to your mouth with different force everytime

74
Q

Hitting tennis balls projected at the same speed form a ball machine

Stationary or in motion
Vairable or none

A

In motion (the environment is moving - you’re not causing the balls to be shot at you

No variability - its the same hit everytime - nothing is changing from tiral too trial

75
Q

Walking on a treadmil at a constant speed

Stationary / In-motion
Variabile / none

A

In-motion (you’re not causing the surface below you to move)

No vairability (the treadmil at the same constant speed form trial to trial)

76
Q

Hitting tennis balls during a rally in a game

Stationry / in motion
Varaibility / none

A

In motion (you’re not causing the tennis balls to be hit at you - but they’re moving)

Variability (every hit is going to be different)

77
Q

Walking in a hallway crowded with moving people

Stationary / in-motion
Variability / none

A

in-motion

yes variability (everytime you walk through the people are going to be in a differnet location)

78
Q

what is body stability

A

refers to skills that involve no change in body location (standing, drinking from a cup, shooting an arrow)

79
Q

What is body transport?

A

Body moving (can be active or passive)

80
Q

What is object manipulation?

A

using an object (or holding it)

81
Q
A

ML Test 1 (7 decks)

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