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Microbiology and Immunology > Lecture 5 > Flashcards

Lecture 5 Flashcards

1
Q

What 2 species can salmonellae be divided into

A

Salmonellae bongori
Salmonellae enterica

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2
Q

What species can salmonellae enterica be divided into (4)

A

S. enterica serovar typhi
S. enterica serovar paratyphi
S. enterica serovar typhimurium
S. enterica serovar enteritidis

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3
Q

When trying to figure out the salmonellae species, what word should you think of?

A

Typhi

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4
Q

How many gram negative bacteria did we learn about that have subspecies

A

6

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5
Q

What are the 4 kinds of Escherichia coli

A

e. coli enterotoxigenic
e. coli enteropathogenic
e. coli enteroinvasive
e. coli 0157: H7

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6
Q

What are the two spore forming rods

A

Bacillus
Clostridium

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7
Q

How many bacillus bacteria are there

A

2

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8
Q

what are the two bacillus bacteria

A

Bacillus anthracis
Bacillus cereus

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9
Q

What does b. anthracis cause

A

anthrax

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10
Q

is there a vaccine for b. anthracis

A

Yep

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11
Q

What is the vaccine targeted towards in b. anthracis

A

One of the exotoxin proteins, protective antigen

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12
Q

What are the 3 proteins in the exotoxins in bacillus antracis

A

Edema factor
Protective agent
Lethal factor

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13
Q

Can you treat those infected with b. anthracis

A

Yes, use antibiotics

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14
Q

What does b. cereus cause

A

food poisoning

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15
Q

What are the two kinds of enterotoxins

A

heat labile
heat stable

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16
Q

can you use antibiotics to treat bacillus cereus

A

no

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17
Q

How does clostridium differ from other spore forming bacilli

A

its anaerobic

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18
Q

what leads to rapid diagnosis with clostridium bacilli

A

Powerful exotoxins

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19
Q

How does clostridium botulinum affect the body

A

Blocks Ach release, causes flaccid muscle paralysis

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20
Q

Why does blocking Ach cause muscle paralysis

A

Stops the smooth muscles from being able to contract

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21
Q

How is infant botulism caused

A

Honey contaminated with spores

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22
Q

What bacilli causes tetanus

A

clostridium tetani

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23
Q

what is the exotoxin associated with clostridium tetani

A

tetanospasmin

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24
Q

is there a vaccine for clostridium tetani

A

yes

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25
Q

What are the stages of infection with clostridium perfringens

A

1) wound infection/cellulitis
2) clostridial myonecrosis

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26
Q

what does clostridium perfringens cause

A

gas gangrene

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27
Q

what does the skin look like in the first stage of infection with clostridium perfringens

A

moist and spongy with crackly pockets

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28
Q

what happens in the second stage of infection with clostridium perfringes (3)

A

bacteria goes to muscles
exotoxin destroys muscles
black fluid excretes from skin

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29
Q

Can clostridial myonecrosis be treated, how

A

yes, antibiotics oxygen, remove damaged tissue

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30
Q

what bacilli is clostridial myonecrosis caused by

A

clostridium perfringens

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31
Q

what is a main cause of infection with clostridium difficile

A

overuse of antibiotics

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32
Q

what is antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis caused by

A

overuse of antibiotics, infection from clostridium difficile

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33
Q

What are the two toxins associated with clostridium difficile

A

Toxin A and B

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34
Q

What does toxin A cause? what bacilli

A

diarrhea
clostridium difficile

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35
Q

what does toxin b do
what bacilli

A

its cytotoxic to colon cells
clostridium difficile

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36
Q

are clostridium spore producing

A

yes

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37
Q

are clostridium aerobic or anaerobic

A

anaerobic

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38
Q

are bacillus aerobic or anaerobic

A

aerobic

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39
Q

are bacillus spore producing

A

yes

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40
Q

how to treat clostridium difficile

A

stop antibiotics
give metronidazole or vancomycin

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41
Q

what are the two non spore producing bacilli

A

listeria monocytogenes
corynebacterium diptheriae

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42
Q

What are 3 big characteristics of listeria monocytogenes

A

crosses 3 protective barriers
psychrophile
facultative intracellular aerobe

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43
Q

what 3 protective barriers does listeria monocytogenes cross

A

blood brain
GI
feto-placental

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44
Q

where is listeria monocytogenes found

A

soft cheeses
unpasteurized milk
cold cuts
pate
etc

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45
Q

what is the bacteria that causes diptheria

A

cornybacterium diptheriae

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46
Q

how do you treat corynebacterium diptheriae

A

antitoxin
penicillin/erythromycin
DPT vaccine

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47
Q

what bacilli can be lysogenized by a bacteriophage

A

corynebacterium diptheriae

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48
Q

What are the four major groups of enterics

A

enterobacteriaceae
virbrionaceae
psuedomonadaceae
bacterioidaceae

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49
Q

what group of enterics does salmonellae, shigellae and e coli belong to

A

enterobacteriaceae

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50
Q

what group of enterics does vibrio and campylobacter belong to

A

virbionaceae

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51
Q

what group of enterics does pseudomonas belong to

A

pseudomonadaceae

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52
Q

what colour do lactose fermenters show up as with macconkey media

A

pink/purple

53
Q

what colour do lactose fermenters show up as with EMB media

A

dark purple/black

54
Q

What does macconkey and emb media inhibit

A

Gram positive bacteria

55
Q

What are the 5 biochemical classification in which enterics are categorized by

A

ability to ferment lactose
H2S production
hydrolysis of urea
liquefy gelatin
decarboxylation of aa’s

56
Q

what are the 3 ways enterics are classified with surface antigens

A

variable 0 antigen
K antigen
H antigen

57
Q

Where do you find the O-antigen

A

outermost layer of lipopolysaccharides

58
Q

what kind of bacteria have LPS

A

Gram negative

59
Q

what covers the O antigen

A

K antigen

60
Q

Where is the only place the H antigen is found

A

motile bacteria

61
Q

Can salmonellae ferment lactose

A

No

62
Q

what is the only kind of salmonellae that only affects humans

A

salmonellae enterica serovar typhi

63
Q

What two kinds of salmonellae cause enterocolitis

A

s. enterica serovar enteritidis
s. enterica serovar typhimurium

64
Q

what two kinds of salmonellae cause enteric fever

A

s. enterica serovar typhi
s. enterica serovar paratyphi

65
Q

What is the minimum does for pathogenicity of s. enterica serovar enteritidis

A

10^5

66
Q

what is the incubation time of s. enterica serovar enteritidis

A

6-48 hours

67
Q

Where does multiplication of s. enterica serovar enteritidis occur

A

small intestine

68
Q

How long does it take to recover from enterocolitis

A

2-3 days

69
Q

what bacteria causes typhoid fever

A

s. enterica serovar typhi

70
Q

is typhoid or paratyphoid fever worse

A

typhoid

71
Q

what 3 bacteria cause paratyphoid fever

A

s. enterica serotypes:
paratyphi A
schottmuelleri
hirschfeldii

72
Q

where does bacteria multiply with enteric fever

A

lymphoid tissue

73
Q

what is mortality rate of untreated enteric fever

A

10 percent

74
Q

how long do convalescent carriers of enteric fever excrete bacteria for

A

3 months

75
Q

how long do chronic carriers of enteric fever excrete bacteria for

A

at least 6 months

76
Q

what is the infective dose with enteric fever

A

10^6 organisms

77
Q

is there a vaccine for enteric fever

A

yes, but only works against small quantities of bacteria

78
Q

what is the most numerous aerobic bacteria of your normal gut flora

A

escherichia coli

79
Q

is escherichia coli lactose fermenting

A

yes

80
Q

what bacilli is responsible for 85% of bacteriuria

A

escheriachia coli

81
Q

Escherichia coli is _______ to the rest of the body

A

pathogenic

82
Q

what bacilli causes infant and travellers’s diarrhoea

A

enterotoxigenic E. coli

83
Q

what type of escheriachia coli has similar symptoms to shigellosis

A

enteroinvasive e. coli

84
Q

what big thing does escheriachia coli cause

A

gastroenteritis

85
Q

What is the older name for some serotypes that cuased infant diarrhoea

A

enteropathogenic e. coli

86
Q

what kind of e coli was named the hamburger disease

A

O157:H7

87
Q

What type of e coli causes haemorrhagic colitis

A

e. coli O157:H7

88
Q

What is found in the diarrhoea of someone with shigellae

A

mucus
pus
blood

89
Q

does shigellae ferment lactose

A

not generally no

90
Q

what type of shigellae is found in north america and europe

A

shigella sonnei

91
Q

what type of shigellae is found in the tropics

A

shigella dysenteriae

92
Q

Is there a vaccine against shigellae bacilli

A

NO

93
Q

does shigellae cause a mild or severe illness

A

severe

94
Q

what is the number of organisms for infection with shigella dysenteriae

A

a small number

95
Q

What bacilli causes cholera

A

vibro cholerae

96
Q

what is the biggest cause of concern with vibrio cholerae

A

water loss

97
Q

how much water loss per day due to vibrio cholerae

A

10-15 liters

98
Q

Where do enterotoxins from vibrio cholerae bind

A

to cells in the small intestine

99
Q

how does virbrio cholerae cause water loss

A

enterotoxins bind to cells in small intestine
cells secrete chlorides - lowers Na absorption
water accumulates in gut
watery diarrhoea

100
Q

what do cells secrete when binded with vibrio cholerae enterotoxins

A

chlorides

101
Q

what bacilli is normal flora in birds and domestic animals

A

campylobacter

102
Q

what bacteria is a major cause of human enteritis

A

campylobacter

103
Q

what are the two kinds of campylobacter bacilli

A

c. jejuni
c. coli

104
Q

what bacilli has humidifiers as a source of infection

A

pseudomonas

105
Q

why is treatment of psuedomonas difficult

A

all are resistant to a lot of bacteria

106
Q

what is one characteristic of pseudomonas

A

its an opportunistic pathogen

107
Q

what type of bacilli are the respriatory pathogens in cystic fibrosis patients

A

pseudomonas

108
Q

what are the two kinds of pseudomonas

A

p. aeruginosa
p. cepacia

109
Q

what type of pseudomonas can mulitply in a low nutrient environment

A

pseudomonas cepacia

110
Q

what type of psuedomonas is a common contaminant of saline solutions and water

A

pseudomonas cepacia

111
Q

is there a vaccine for haemophilus influenzae

A

yes

112
Q

what bacilli is a part of normal nasopharyngeal flora in people

A

haemophilus influenzae

113
Q

what bacilli si linked to infant illness from powdered formula

A

cronobacter sakazakii

114
Q

what bacilli is the most common cause of stomach ulcers

A

helicobacter pylori

115
Q

what protects helicobacter pylor from low stomach pH

A

urease

116
Q

how do you treat helicobacter pylori

A

antibiotics and H+ pump inhibitors

117
Q

what does it mean to be microaerophillic

A

needs less oxygen than present in atmosphere

118
Q

what bacilli is microaerophillic

A

helicobacter pylori

119
Q

what bacilli causes whopping cough

A

bordetella pertussis

120
Q

what are the 4 virulence factors of bordetella pertussis

A

pertussis toxin
cytoplasmic adenylate cyclase
filamentous hemagglutinin
tracheal cytotoxin

121
Q

what does cytoplasmic adenylate cyclase do

A

weakens host defense

122
Q

what does filamentous hemmagglutinin do

A

allows attachment to the hosts respiratory tract and releases exotoxins

123
Q

what does tracheal cyttotoxin do

A

destroys ciliated cells

124
Q

Is there a vaccine for bordetella pertussis

A

yep

125
Q

what bacilli would you find filamentous hemagglutinin on

A

bordetella pertussis

126
Q

what causes legionnaires disease

A

legionella pneumophila

127
Q

what 2 things can legionella pneumophila cause

A

severe pneumonia
legionnaires disease

128
Q

is there person to person transmission of legionella pneumophila

A

nope, exposure is by aresol

129
Q

where does legionellla pneumophila grow

A

water

Microbiology and Immunology (10 decks)

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