Lecture 3 woohoo

Question 1

what is the most common way to isolate a pure colony

Answer 1

streak plate

Question 2

What does indirect ELISA detect

Answer 2

Antibodies

Question 3

what does direct elisa detect

Answer 3

antigens

Question 4

bacteriophage

Answer 4

virus that only affects bacteria

Question 5

What is agar

Answer 5

Media/food
the stuff on the plate to grow the bacteria

Question 6

what is the purpose of resolving powder

Answer 6

allows you to see two different things as two different things

Question 7

what is the structure of a gram positive bacteria

Answer 7

cell wall
thick peptidoglycan layer

Question 8

what is the structure of a gram negative bacteria

Answer 8

Has 2 cell walls
thin peptidoglycan layer

Question 9

what are the three ways to grow the bacteria

Answer 9

streak plate
pour plate
spread plate

Question 10

How does a spread plate work

Answer 10

take a sample and dilute it into a bunch of different concentrations to eventually get a countable number

Question 11

what was the first technique invented to isolate a pure colony

Answer 11

pour plate

Question 12

How does a pour plate work

Answer 12

put a bit of sample in dish (blood)
add media
mix it
incubate it

Question 13

what are two issues with the pour plate technique

Answer 13

Temperature can either be too hot/cold and damage bacteria or not be good enough to pour
bacteria can get stuck in media

Question 14

what is the reason to heat fix when staining

Answer 14

denatures the proteins
allows bacteria to stick to sides as opposed to getting washed away

Question 15

what two substances bind strongly to the peptidoglycan layer

Answer 15

crystal violet and iodine

Question 16

what colour does the bacteria turn when the iodine and crystal violet binds with the peptidoglycan layer

Answer 16

purple

Question 17

what happens if you heat fix too much

Answer 17

you just get a blob

Question 18

why do we flood with pink dye

Answer 18

the gram negative would be invisible under a microscope otherwise

Question 19

what colour is gram positive after staining

Answer 19

purple

Question 20

What colour is gram negative after staining

Answer 20

pink

Question 21

what kind of bacteria goes colourless after being washed with ethanol

Answer 21

gram negative

Question 22

why does the gram negative look colourless after being washed w ethanol

Answer 22

ethanol will wash away the outer cell wall and peptidoglycan layer, which was what was stained

Question 23

why does the gram positive not go colourless

Answer 23

the ethanol will only wash off part of the cell wall

Question 24

does gram positive or gram negative have a thicker peptidoglycan layer

Answer 24

gram positive

Question 25

if you have a thick peptidoglycan layer, how many cell walls do you have

Answer 25

1, you "sacrifice" a cell wall for a thicker peptidoglycan layer

Question 26

what are the four types of media

Answer 26

chemically defined chemically undefined macconkey selective differential

Question 27

what is a chemically defined media

Answer 27

you can control every ingredient (quantities etc), could be made of glucose, sugar etc

Question 28

what is a chemically undefined media

Answer 28

you cannot control every ingredient; exact amounts and kinds of nutrients are not known

Question 29

what is a macconkey media

Answer 29

Selective differential media that inhibits gram positive and shows lactose fermentation

Question 30

what is a selective differential media

Answer 30

will inhibit one big group of bacteria, and allow a different group, but allows to differentiate between parts of that group

Question 31

what is fluorescence microscopy

Answer 31

tag antibodies with dyes that fluoresces at a specific wavelength

Question 32

what is electron microscopy

Answer 32

you use an electron beam instead of light

Question 33

how many types of electron microscopy are there

Answer 33

two scanning electron microscopy transmission electron microscopy

Question 34

how do you use TEM

Answer 34

Stain with heavy metals

Question 35

how do you use SEM

Answer 35

take a 3d image of cell surface

Question 36

does gram positive have endotoxins

Answer 36

no, only gram negative can have endotoxins

Question 37

how often does bacteria divide

Answer 37

every twenty minutes or so

Question 38

what is morphology

Answer 38

the study of the size, shape, and structure of animals, plants, and microorganisms and of the relationships of their constituent parts

Question 39

what kind of surface to volume ratio does bacteria have

Answer 39

a higher one

Question 40

does bacteria have a high or low metabolism

Answer 40

higher

Question 41

what are the six sizes and shapes of bacteria

Answer 41

rod shaped - single cells diplococci - single plane, two cells chain - divides in one plane, stays attached tetrads - cocci divides at right angle to first plane of division division in 3 planes - grapes cubical packets of 8 cells - sacrinae

Question 42

what percent of agar is used in solid media

Answer 42

1.5

Question 43

what is enrichment media

Answer 43

you increase number of specific bacteria in a sample by favoring growth of that bacteria

Question 44

what is tissue culture media used for

Answer 44

cultivating viruses

Question 45

what is tissue culture media derived from

Answer 45

plant or animal cells

Question 46

what are the two media requirements for yeast

Answer 46

high sugar low pH

Question 47

what is the media requirement for anaerobes

Answer 47

no oxygen

Question 48

selective media

Answer 48

enhance growth/suppression of one bacterial species

Question 49

differential media

Answer 49

differentiate bacteria based on their nutritional requirements and phenotypic characteristics

Question 50

what colour does lactose fermentation turn in macConkey media

Answer 50

pink

Question 51

what kind of "temp species" are the majority of bacterial pathogens

Answer 51

mesophiles

Question 52

what two kinds of bacteria can grow at refrigeration temps

Answer 52

psychrophiles and psychrotrophs

Question 53

what is the ideal temp for mesophiles

Answer 53

25-40 37 degrees (the real ideal) human body temp

Question 54

what is a thermophiles ideal temp

Answer 54

40-85 degrees

Question 55

describe where you would find obligate aerobes in a test tube

Answer 55

top; closest to oxygen source

Question 56

describe where you would find facultative aerobes in a test tube

Answer 56

mainly at the top, closest to oxygen source, some trickled throughout

Question 57

describe where you would find obligate anaerobes in a test tube

Answer 57

at the bottom; furthest from oxygen source

Question 58

describe where you would find aerotolerant anaerobes in a test tube

Answer 58

sprinkled throughout, they don't really give a shit lol

Question 59

describe where you would find microaerophiles in a test tube

Answer 59

all clumped together in the section with the ideal amount of oxygen, not top, not bottom, closer to middle

Question 60

what pH is growth mainly observed at

Answer 60

4-9

Question 61

what pH is optimal for growth

Answer 61

6-8

Question 62

what does the intracellular pH must be for growth

Answer 62

approx 7.5

Question 63

What two things in maccokey media inhibit gram positives

Answer 63

Bile salts Crystal violet

Question 64

What is used to detect lactose fermentation in macconkey media

Answer 64

Neutral red dye

Question 65

What does it mean for something to be lyophilized

Answer 65

Freeze dried

Question 66

What is another word for freeze dried

Answer 66

Lyophilized

Question 67

What are the two most common types of acid fast organisms

Answer 67

Mycobacterium Nocardia

Question 68

What are the two most common types of endospore organisms

Answer 68

Bacillius Clostridium

Question 69

Name two types of stains that help to classify and identify

Answer 69

Gram stain Acid fast stain

Question 70

Name two types of stains that identify how an organism behaves in an environment

Answer 70

Endospore Capsule