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Microbiology and Immunology > Lecture 3 woohoo > Flashcards

Lecture 3 woohoo Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is the most common way to isolate a pure colony

A

streak plate

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2
Q

What does indirect ELISA detect

A

Antibodies

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3
Q

what does direct elisa detect

A

antigens

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4
Q

bacteriophage

A

virus that only affects bacteria

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5
Q

What is agar

A

Media/food
the stuff on the plate to grow the bacteria

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6
Q

what is the purpose of resolving powder

A

allows you to see two different things as two different things

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7
Q

what is the structure of a gram positive bacteria

A

cell wall
thick peptidoglycan layer

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8
Q

what is the structure of a gram negative bacteria

A

Has 2 cell walls
thin peptidoglycan layer

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9
Q

what are the three ways to grow the bacteria

A

streak plate
pour plate
spread plate

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10
Q

How does a spread plate work

A

take a sample and dilute it into a bunch of different concentrations to eventually get a countable number

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11
Q

what was the first technique invented to isolate a pure colony

A

pour plate

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12
Q

How does a pour plate work

A

put a bit of sample in dish (blood)
add media
mix it
incubate it

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13
Q

what are two issues with the pour plate technique

A

Temperature can either be too hot/cold and damage bacteria or not be good enough to pour
bacteria can get stuck in media

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14
Q

what is the reason to heat fix when staining

A

denatures the proteins
allows bacteria to stick to sides as opposed to getting washed away

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15
Q

what two substances bind strongly to the peptidoglycan layer

A

crystal violet and iodine

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16
Q

what colour does the bacteria turn when the iodine and crystal violet binds with the peptidoglycan layer

A

purple

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17
Q

what happens if you heat fix too much

A

you just get a blob

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18
Q

why do we flood with pink dye

A

the gram negative would be invisible under a microscope otherwise

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19
Q

what colour is gram positive after staining

A

purple

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20
Q

What colour is gram negative after staining

A

pink

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21
Q

what kind of bacteria goes colourless after being washed with ethanol

A

gram negative

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22
Q

why does the gram negative look colourless after being washed w ethanol

A

ethanol will wash away the outer cell wall and peptidoglycan layer, which was what was stained

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23
Q

why does the gram positive not go colourless

A

the ethanol will only wash off part of the cell wall

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24
Q

does gram positive or gram negative have a thicker peptidoglycan layer

A

gram positive

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25
Q

if you have a thick peptidoglycan layer, how many cell walls do you have

A

1, you “sacrifice” a cell wall for a thicker peptidoglycan layer

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26
Q

what are the four types of media

A

chemically defined
chemically undefined
macconkey
selective differential

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27
Q

what is a chemically defined media

A

you can control every ingredient (quantities etc), could be made of glucose, sugar etc

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28
Q

what is a chemically undefined media

A

you cannot control every ingredient; exact amounts and kinds of nutrients are not known

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29
Q

what is a macconkey media

A

Selective differential media that inhibits gram positive and shows lactose fermentation

30
Q

what is a selective differential media

A

will inhibit one big group of bacteria, and allow a different group, but allows to differentiate between parts of that group

31
Q

what is fluorescence microscopy

A

tag antibodies with dyes that fluoresces at a specific wavelength

32
Q

what is electron microscopy

A

you use an electron beam instead of light

33
Q

how many types of electron microscopy are there

A

two
scanning electron microscopy
transmission electron microscopy

34
Q

how do you use TEM

A

Stain with heavy metals

35
Q

how do you use SEM

A

take a 3d image of cell surface

36
Q

does gram positive have endotoxins

A

no, only gram negative can have endotoxins

37
Q

how often does bacteria divide

A

every twenty minutes or so

38
Q

what is morphology

A

the study of the size, shape, and structure of animals, plants, and microorganisms and of the relationships of their constituent parts

39
Q

what kind of surface to volume ratio does bacteria have

A

a higher one

40
Q

does bacteria have a high or low metabolism

A

higher

41
Q

what are the six sizes and shapes of bacteria

A

rod shaped - single cells
diplococci - single plane, two cells
chain - divides in one plane, stays attached
tetrads - cocci divides at right angle to first plane of division
division in 3 planes - grapes
cubical packets of 8 cells - sacrinae

42
Q

what percent of agar is used in solid media

A

1.5

43
Q

what is enrichment media

A

you increase number of specific bacteria in a sample by favoring growth of that bacteria

44
Q

what is tissue culture media used for

A

cultivating viruses

45
Q

what is tissue culture media derived from

A

plant or animal cells

46
Q

what are the two media requirements for yeast

A

high sugar
low pH

47
Q

what is the media requirement for anaerobes

A

no oxygen

48
Q

selective media

A

enhance growth/suppression of one bacterial species

49
Q

differential media

A

differentiate bacteria based on their
nutritional requirements and phenotypic characteristics

50
Q

what colour does lactose fermentation turn in macConkey media

A

pink

51
Q

what kind of “temp species” are the majority of bacterial pathogens

A

mesophiles

52
Q

what two kinds of bacteria can grow at refrigeration temps

A

psychrophiles and psychrotrophs

53
Q

what is the ideal temp for mesophiles

A

25-40
37 degrees (the real ideal)
human body temp

54
Q

what is a thermophiles ideal temp

A

40-85 degrees

55
Q

describe where you would find obligate aerobes in a test tube

A

top; closest to oxygen source

56
Q

describe where you would find facultative aerobes in a test tube

A

mainly at the top, closest to oxygen source, some trickled throughout

57
Q

describe where you would find obligate anaerobes in a test tube

A

at the bottom; furthest from oxygen source

58
Q

describe where you would find aerotolerant anaerobes in a test tube

A

sprinkled throughout, they don’t really give a shit lol

59
Q

describe where you would find microaerophiles in a test tube

A

all clumped together in the section with the ideal amount of oxygen, not top, not bottom, closer to middle

60
Q

what pH is growth mainly observed at

A

4-9

61
Q

what pH is optimal for growth

A

6-8

62
Q

what does the intracellular pH must be for growth

A

approx 7.5

63
Q

What two things in maccokey media inhibit gram positives

A

Bile salts
Crystal violet

64
Q

What is used to detect lactose fermentation in macconkey media

A

Neutral red dye

65
Q

What does it mean for something to be lyophilized

A

Freeze dried

66
Q

What is another word for freeze dried

A

Lyophilized

67
Q

What are the two most common types of acid fast organisms

A

Mycobacterium
Nocardia

68
Q

What are the two most common types of endospore organisms

A

Bacillius
Clostridium

69
Q

Name two types of stains that help to classify and identify

A

Gram stain
Acid fast stain

70
Q

Name two types of stains that identify how an organism behaves in an environment

A

Endospore
Capsule

Microbiology and Immunology (10 decks)

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