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Microbiology and Immunology > Definitions - quiz 1 > Flashcards

Definitions - quiz 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Do viruses have DNA or RNA?

A

Could be either, never both.

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2
Q

What is a capsid?

A

Protein shell - viruses

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3
Q

Do bacteria have a nucleus?

A

No, they have a nucleoid

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4
Q

Do bacteria have DNA or RNA?

A

Both

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5
Q

What do bacteria have instead of a capsid?

A

Rigid cell wall

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6
Q

What molecules have circular chromosomes?

A

Bacteria

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7
Q

What is normal flora

A

Good bacteria

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8
Q

How does bad bacteria get in? (4)

A

Adherence
Opportunism
Toxin production
Compromised host

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9
Q

Bacteremia

A

Bacteria in the blood

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10
Q

Septicaemia

A

Bacteria in the blood that’s been living there a while, starts to divide

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11
Q

Contamintation

A

Bacteria being put somewhere without having to make an effort to get in

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12
Q

Colonisation

A

Bacteria that has to work it’s way into the body somehow

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13
Q

Is clinical disease easy to recognize?

A

Yes

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14
Q

Is sub clinical infection easy to recognize?

A

No, no symptoms

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15
Q

Ways to measure how dangerous a molecule is (3)

A

Pathology
Virulence
Opportunistic

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16
Q

Virulence

A

Degree of pathogenicity - how much damage it can cause

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17
Q

Pathogenicity

A

Ability to produce disease

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18
Q

Opportunistic

A

Doesn’t normally produce disease but can when defense mechanisms are breached

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19
Q

Invasiveness

A

How strong and sneaky it is

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20
Q

toxigenicity

A

Ability to produce toxins

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21
Q

Exotoxins release

A

Secreted by living cells - can be killed with antibiotics

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22
Q

Endotoxins release

A

Liberated when cell wall disintegrates - antibiotics won’t help

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23
Q

Which toxin is thermostable

A

Endotoxin

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24
Q

Which toxin is thermolabile

A

Exotoxins

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25
Q

Which toxin is more specific

A

Exotoxins

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26
Q

Which toxin is more potent

A

Exotoxins

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27
Q

Thermolaible

A

Easily destroyed by heat

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28
Q

What are the two types of immunity

A

Non-specific (innate)
Specific (acquired)

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29
Q

Is phagocytosis specific or nonspecific?

A

Nonspecific

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30
Q

Is complement specific or nonspecific?

A

Nonspecific

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31
Q

Is skin specific or nonspecific?

A

Nonspecific

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32
Q

Is iron binding proteins specific or nonspecific?

A

Nonspecific

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33
Q

What are the two types of specific immunity?

A

Humoral and CMI (cell-mediated immunity)

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34
Q

What molecule does Humoral immunity deal with?

A

Antibodies

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35
Q

Antigen

A

“non-self” - invader

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36
Q

Antibody

A

Attacks it’s specific antigens

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37
Q

immunoglobulins

A

another word for antibody

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38
Q

What do B cells produce?

A

Antibodies

39
Q

Which antibody region is responsible for antigen recognition?

A

Variable

40
Q

What are the two antibody regions?

A

Variable and constant

41
Q

What are the 5 classes of Ig’s?

A

IgG, IgD, IgM, IgA, IgE

42
Q

What antibody class is responsible for allergies?

A

IgE

43
Q

What antibody class are we not sure what it does yet?

A

IgD - dad - useless

44
Q

What antibody class is made first?

A

IgM - mom - always ask her first

45
Q

Which antibody class is a dimer?

A

IgA

46
Q

Which antibody class is a pentamer?

A

IgM - mom - gots lots going on all the time

47
Q

Which antibody class is the host defense?

A

IgA - first letter in the alphabet

48
Q

Which antibody class is found in secretions?

A

IgA

49
Q

When can antibodies be detected during primary response?

A

5-10 days

50
Q

When is the antibody count the highest during 1o response?

A

21 days

51
Q

Which degree of response is the basis for immunizations?

A

2o

52
Q

Which degree of response has a rapid Ab increase and slow decrease?

A

2o

53
Q

What is a serological reaction used for?

A

Detect antibodies in serum sample, helpful for diagnosing

54
Q

What does T helper 1 do?

A

Starts cell-mediated response

55
Q

What does T helper 2 do?

A

Ignites humoral response

56
Q

What happens in CMI? (2)

A

1) T helper 1 tells your cells to compartmentalize the invader and kill it
2) T helper 1 tells your cells to kill themselves

57
Q

What does APC stand for?

A

Antigen presenting cell

58
Q

Who does an APC present a molecule to?

A

Either T helper 1 or 2 cells

59
Q

What are the 4 big disorders of immunity?

A

Allergies
Auto-immune disorders
immunodeficiency states
Graft rejection

60
Q

Auto-immune disorder

A

Immune system reacts to “self” antigens
Type 1 diabetes, MS

61
Q

Immunodeficiency Status

A

Can’t make antibodies/ disfunctional CMI

62
Q

Passive immunization

A

Injecting a person with antibodies

63
Q

If someone needs immediate protection, what immunization will you use?

A

Passive

64
Q

Active immunization

A

Injecting someone with antigens for a certain disease

65
Q

Live attenuated vaccine

A

Active
mild illness mimicking disease

66
Q

Sub unit vaccines

A

Active
Dead antigens
No infectivity

67
Q

Recombinant vaccines

A

Active
DNA technology

68
Q

Adsorbed vaccines

A

Vaccine mixed w inorganic salt for slower adsoption

69
Q

Conjugate vaccines

A

Combines a weak antigen w a strong antigen as a carrier, bigger immune response to weak antigen

70
Q

Combined vaccines

A

Multiple antigens so you don’t need to get stabbed more

71
Q

Combined passive-active vaccines

A

Antigens in one arm, antibodies in the other

72
Q

What are the three major mechanisms of defense?

A

alteration in drug target
production of inactivating enzymes
decreased uptake of antibiotics

73
Q

alteration in drug target

A

Antigen changes where the antibody binds to, alters shape

74
Q

Production of inactivating enzymes

A

enzyme created by bacteria will render antibody useless

75
Q

decreased uptake of antibiotic

A

bacteria becomes less permeable or starts efflux proteins, throws out antibiotic

76
Q

What is complement

A

Set of circulating proteins in the blood

77
Q

What two things does complement do?

A

opsonization
MAC - membrane attack complex

78
Q

Opsonization

A

bind to antibodies, make whatever the antibody is attached to more attractive for the immune system to eat

79
Q

What are the three components of a virus

A

Surface antigens
Nucleic acid
Capsid

80
Q

Main difference between eukaryotes and prokaryotes

A

Eukaryotes have genetic info in nucleus, prokaryotes don’t have nuclei

81
Q

What vaccine provides both local (IgA) and humoral (IgG) immunity?

A

Live-attenuated vaccine

82
Q

Describe three things about IgA antibodies

A

Host defense
Found in secretions
Dimer

83
Q

Describe the function of IgD antibodies

A

we dont fucking know lol

84
Q

What immunoglobin class crosses the placenta to protect the newborn?

A

IgG - granny is always gonna protect the baby

85
Q

Describe 3 things about IgM immunoglobins

A

Pentamer
Host defense
Early immune response

86
Q

What class of immunoglobins deals with allergies

A

IgE

87
Q

What immunoglobin class deals with parasites

A

IgE

88
Q

Why is skin such a good nonspecific immunity thing

A

Dry - wont allow bacteria to grow
Selective barrier
Low pH

89
Q

Name the 5 main parts of innate immunity

A

Skin
Complement
Iron-binding proteins
Phagocytosis
Mucus membranes

90
Q

What is the function of iron binding proteins

A

Some bacteria need protein to grow, so if we have certain proteins attached itll do something lol

91
Q

What is aggultination

A

clumping during a serological reaction

92
Q

What are gamma globulins

A

has antibodies to lots of common antigens, pooled from lots of blood donors

93
Q

What are hyperimmune globulins

A

specific for a particular microbe

94
Q
A

Microbiology and Immunology (10 decks)

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