Lecture 46

Question 1

There are 6 macro-minerals (minerals we need a relatively large amount of in our diets) and they include ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, and ____ (CCMPPS.)

Answer 1

They include Calcium, Chloride, Magnesium, Potassium, Phosphorus, and Sodium.

Question 2

There are 9 essential trace minerals/elements (minerals we do not need a relatively large amount of in our diets), and they include ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, and ____ (CCMMIIFSZ.) ____, ____, and ____ are considered lesser health concerns.

Answer 2

They include Copper, Chromium, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Fluoride, Selenium, and Zinc. Manganese, Molybdenum, and Chromium are considered lesser health concerns.

Question 3

UNICEF suggests the best/most cost effective way to treat diseases worldwide is to treat vitamin and mineral _____, as opposed to treating individual disease.

Answer 3

Suggest treat vitamin and mineral DEFICIENCIES.

Question 4

Acrodermatitis Enteropathica is characterized by skin ____, alopecia, impaired ______ and delayed sexual maturation, resulting from decreased _____ absorption in the jejunum because of mutation in the _____ ____ transporter gene. Treatment is lifetime administration of higher than UL ____ supplementation.

Answer 4

SKIN LESIONS

IMMUNITY

ZINC

Zip4 ZINC

UL ZINC supplementation.

Question 5

Signs and symptoms of Cu deficiency are related to the ____ that is present in Cu deficient individuals, but the biggest concern is damage to _____ (particularly in spinal cord.)

Answer 5

Signs and symptoms of Cu deficiency are related to the ANEMIA that is present in Cu deficient individuals, but the biggest concern is damage to NEURONS (particularly in the spinal cord.)

Question 6

_____ is a Cu containing enzyme that circulates in the plasma, and can be measured to determine relative Cu levels.

Answer 6

CERULOPLASMIN

Question 7

High does ____ supplements can cause a Cu deficiency. This is bc enterocytes produce _______ which bind ____. However, Cu binds with greater affinity, and is thus lost through excretion.

Answer 7

Zinc

Metallothionine

Zinc

Question 8

Wilson’s Disease is _____ recessive, and is characterized by high organ ____ levels (particularly in the liver, brain, and kidneys), but low serum levels. The most definitive test is liver biopsy.

Answer 8

It is AUTOSOMAL recessive, and is characterized by high organ COPPER levels.

Question 9

____ deficiency is the most prevalent micronutrient deficiency worldwide.

Answer 9

IRON

Question 10

Why is iron deficiency most prevalent in 16-49 year old females in the US?

Answer 10

Monthly menstrual blood loss

Question 11

Hemochromatosis is observed in carriers of the ______ gene, which is very specific to people with Northern ______ ancestry. The definitive tests are ____ biopsy and/or genetic testing. Keep in mind that iron status is controlled more so by ____ rather than excretion, and this disease leads to more of the former.

Answer 11

C282Y

Northern European

LIVER biopsy

ABSORPTION rather than excretion.

Question 12

The best treatment for Hemochromatosis is ______. Though, decreased dietary iron and vitamin _____ (which helps with absorption of iron) help as well.

Answer 12

The best treatment is PHLEBOTOMY. Though, decreased dietary iron and vitamin C help as well.

Question 13

Men and women are ____ likely to become anemic later in life, bc there seems to be an accumulation of Fe throughout life.

Answer 13

LESS likely

Question 14

____ deficiency, after Iron and Vitamin A deficiency, is the third most common micronutrient deficiency in the world.

Answer 14

IODINE

Question 15

Iodine deficiency can lead to _____ (enlarged thyroid), and is especially bad for neonates as it can lead to impaired growth and _____ (severe mental retardation.)

Answer 15

Iodine deficiency can lead to GOITER, and is especially bad for neonates as it can lead to impaired growth and CRETINISM.

Question 16

For people with normal Iodine intake who get an increase in dietary Iodine, they can experience “_____-_____shut down,” whereby the thyroid stops making TH. Dietary Iodine deficiency and goiter may increase the risk of _____ cancer, whereas dietary excess may increase risk of _____ cancer.

Answer 16

Wolf-Chaikoff shut down.

Follicular cancer

Papillary cancer

Question 17

Toxicities in micronutrients including FFeINZ are common. What do the letters stand for?

Answer 17

Fluoride, Fe, Iodine, Na, and Zn.

Question 18

The four most commonly deficient vits and minerals globally are ____, ____, ____, and Zinc.

Answer 18

Vit A

Iron

Iodine

Remember that Iron deficiency has the greatest prevalence

Question 19

Obese individuals typically have defective storage and bioavailability of vit___. “Obese dudes can’t find their ___.”

Answer 19

Vit D

“Obese dudes can’t find their D.”

Question 20

Glossitis is indicative of deficiencies in which vitamin?

Answer 20

The B vitamins

Question 21

Following bariatric surgery, ___, folate, ____, and Vit A are at high risk for deficiency.

Answer 21

Iron, Folate, Copper, and Vit A

Question 22

Thiamin deficiency, which is common in patients post-bariatric surgery, can present as Dry _____ (no edema), showing symptoms such as brisk tendon reflexes, peripheral neropathy, etc. It can also present as Wet _____ (with edema), that leads to heart failure with high cardiac output, respiratory distress, etc…

Answer 22

Beriberi

Beriberi