Lecture 46 Flashcards
There are 6 macro-minerals (minerals we need a relatively large amount of in our diets) and they include ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, and ____ (CCMPPS.)
They include Calcium, Chloride, Magnesium, Potassium, Phosphorus, and Sodium.
There are 9 essential trace minerals/elements (minerals we do not need a relatively large amount of in our diets), and they include ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, and ____ (CCMMIIFSZ.) ____, ____, and ____ are considered lesser health concerns.
They include Copper, Chromium, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Fluoride, Selenium, and Zinc. Manganese, Molybdenum, and Chromium are considered lesser health concerns.
UNICEF suggests the best/most cost effective way to treat diseases worldwide is to treat vitamin and mineral _____, as opposed to treating individual disease.
Suggest treat vitamin and mineral DEFICIENCIES.
Acrodermatitis Enteropathica is characterized by skin ____, alopecia, impaired ______ and delayed sexual maturation, resulting from decreased _____ absorption in the jejunum because of mutation in the _____ ____ transporter gene. Treatment is lifetime administration of higher than UL ____ supplementation.
SKIN LESIONS
IMMUNITY
ZINC
Zip4 ZINC
UL ZINC supplementation.
Signs and symptoms of Cu deficiency are related to the ____ that is present in Cu deficient individuals, but the biggest concern is damage to _____ (particularly in spinal cord.)
Signs and symptoms of Cu deficiency are related to the ANEMIA that is present in Cu deficient individuals, but the biggest concern is damage to NEURONS (particularly in the spinal cord.)
_____ is a Cu containing enzyme that circulates in the plasma, and can be measured to determine relative Cu levels.
CERULOPLASMIN
High does ____ supplements can cause a Cu deficiency. This is bc enterocytes produce _______ which bind ____. However, Cu binds with greater affinity, and is thus lost through excretion.
Zinc
Metallothionine
Zinc
Wilson’s Disease is _____ recessive, and is characterized by high organ ____ levels (particularly in the liver, brain, and kidneys), but low serum levels. The most definitive test is liver biopsy.
It is AUTOSOMAL recessive, and is characterized by high organ COPPER levels.
____ deficiency is the most prevalent micronutrient deficiency worldwide.
IRON
Why is iron deficiency most prevalent in 16-49 year old females in the US?
Monthly menstrual blood loss
Hemochromatosis is observed in carriers of the ______ gene, which is very specific to people with Northern ______ ancestry. The definitive tests are ____ biopsy and/or genetic testing. Keep in mind that iron status is controlled more so by ____ rather than excretion, and this disease leads to more of the former.
C282Y
Northern European
LIVER biopsy
ABSORPTION rather than excretion.
The best treatment for Hemochromatosis is ______. Though, decreased dietary iron and vitamin _____ (which helps with absorption of iron) help as well.
The best treatment is PHLEBOTOMY. Though, decreased dietary iron and vitamin C help as well.
Men and women are ____ likely to become anemic later in life, bc there seems to be an accumulation of Fe throughout life.
LESS likely
____ deficiency, after Iron and Vitamin A deficiency, is the third most common micronutrient deficiency in the world.
IODINE
Iodine deficiency can lead to _____ (enlarged thyroid), and is especially bad for neonates as it can lead to impaired growth and _____ (severe mental retardation.)
Iodine deficiency can lead to GOITER, and is especially bad for neonates as it can lead to impaired growth and CRETINISM.
For people with normal Iodine intake who get an increase in dietary Iodine, they can experience “_____-_____shut down,” whereby the thyroid stops making TH. Dietary Iodine deficiency and goiter may increase the risk of _____ cancer, whereas dietary excess may increase risk of _____ cancer.
Wolf-Chaikoff shut down.
Follicular cancer
Papillary cancer
Toxicities in micronutrients including FFeINZ are common. What do the letters stand for?
Fluoride, Fe, Iodine, Na, and Zn.
The four most commonly deficient vits and minerals globally are ____, ____, ____, and Zinc.
Vit A
Iron
Iodine
Remember that Iron deficiency has the greatest prevalence
Obese individuals typically have defective storage and bioavailability of vit___. “Obese dudes can’t find their ___.”
Vit D
“Obese dudes can’t find their D.”
Glossitis is indicative of deficiencies in which vitamin?
The B vitamins
Following bariatric surgery, ___, folate, ____, and Vit A are at high risk for deficiency.
Iron, Folate, Copper, and Vit A
Thiamin deficiency, which is common in patients post-bariatric surgery, can present as Dry _____ (no edema), showing symptoms such as brisk tendon reflexes, peripheral neropathy, etc. It can also present as Wet _____ (with edema), that leads to heart failure with high cardiac output, respiratory distress, etc…
Beriberi
Beriberi
