Lecture 4.2

Question 1

Name some Neuromodulatory systems and describe

Answer 1

Dopamine- Movement, in midbrain, Parkinson’s
Acetylcholine- Sleep and wakefulness, pons
Acetylcholine- Learning, Memory, Attention, forebrain
Serotonin- Appetite, Libido, Sleep, Raphe nuclei
Noradrenaline- Mood, pain, Locus coereleus

Question 2

Name some Metabotropic receptors

Answer 2

Glutamate, GABA, Dopamine, Adrenergic, Histamine, Serotonin

Question 3

What is the Reticular Activation System? And what does it control?

Answer 3

3 Neuromodulatory systems working together (Serotoninergic, Cholinergic (ACh), Noradregeneric)

Controls sleep wake cycles and arousal

Question 4

Describe the Cholinergic Neuromodulatory System in the forebrain

Answer 4

Several nuclei of Magnocellular neurons-Septum, Diagonal Band of Broca and Basal Nucleus of Meynert.

Regulates hippocampus function

Question 5

Compare the 2 Cholinergic systems in what they do

Answer 5

Basal forebrain-Learning, Memory and Attention

Pons- Sleep and wakefulness

Question 6

What are Neuromodulatory systems?

Answer 6

Small groups of neurons in the brain stem, with vast projections to other parts of the CNS

Question 7

What is the fornix?

Answer 7

A group of neurons to the hippocampus

Question 8

What is the Cholinergic innervation of the Hippocampus?

Answer 8

Pyramidal neurons-glutamatergic, m1 receptors, excitatory
Interneurons- GABAergic, m2 receptors, inhibitory
Autoreceptors- m4 receptors, inhibit release

Question 9

What do M1, M3 and M5 receptors do?

Answer 9

Activate Phospholipase C, increase IP3, increase Ca and increase excitability

Question 10

What do M2 and M4 receptors do?

Answer 10

Inhibit Adenylyl Cyclase, decrease cAMP, decrease excitability and decrease release pre-synapticly

Question 11

How is ACh released in the brain?

Answer 11

ACG is released from varicositites into the ECF

Question 12

What happens when the hippocampus loses ACh input?

Answer 12

The pyramidal neurons become hypo-excitable and memory function is impaired

Question 13

What happens to Cholinergic neurons after fornix connections are cut (cutting neurons from target cells in hippocampus)

Answer 13

Neurons shrink as they are deprived of NGF, synthesis of ACh decreases, neurons lose their Cholinergic phenotype, apoptosis

Question 14

Describe the Dopaminergic Neuromodulatory Circuit

Answer 14

For movement and it is in the midbrain

Question 15

Describe the 2 Cholinergic Neuromodulatory circuits

Answer 15

1- Learning and memory-Basal forebrain

2-Sleep-pond

Question 16

Describe the serotonin Neuromodulatory circuit

Answer 16

Appetite and libido, in the Raphe nuclei

Question 17

Describe the noradrenergic Neuromodulatory circuit

Answer 17

For mood and pain and it is in the locus coereleus