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ANAT1001 > Lecture 4: The Skeletal System > Flashcards

Lecture 4: The Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 main qualities that categorise bone tissue

A
  • Bone tissue (osseous) is a type of specialized connective tissue.
  • Rigid and well vascularised with a high mineral content
  • Made up of compact bone (exterior) and spongy bone (porous interior)
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2
Q

What are the multiple functions of the skeletal system?

A

Support

Movement (attached together via tendons)

Protection (eg cranium)

Mineral Storage to be released into the blood stream

Energy metabolism

Blood formation

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3
Q

What are the classifications of bones? Give 1 example for each.

A

Long (humerus)

Short (Carpels)

Irregular (C1 atlas Vertebra)

Sesamoid (Patella)

Flat (Sternum)

Sutural (wormian) - Fused bones in the skull

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4
Q

What is the difference between a short bone and a long bone?

A

A short bone are long as they are wide and are normally cube like in shape, whereas long bones are longer than they are wide.

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5
Q

Describe the function of flat bones due to their structure.

A

Flat bones are broad, thin bone structures which are normally used for muscle attachment and the protection of viscera.

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6
Q

Name 2 examples of an irregular bone and their function.

A

The C1 and C2 vertebrae (atlas and axis respectively) lie on top of the spinal vertebrae and cause the lateral and medial movement of the head via the dens bone pivot on the C2 vertebra.

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7
Q

What are the components of a typical long bone

A

Diaphysis (shaft)

Epiphysis (proximal and distal ends of the bone made out of spongy tissue)

Metaphysis ( Spongy tissue between the diaphysis and the epiphysis separated by the epiphysial line)

Medullary Cavity (Contains yellow bone marrow)

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8
Q

What is the connective tissue/s that lines the compact outside of the long bone and the medullary cavity?

A

Medullary cavity - endosteum

Compact bone - Periosteum

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9
Q

What are some differences between short/flat bones and long bones?

A

Do not have medullary cavity

No diaphysis of epiphysis

Muscles can attach anywhere due to no designated articular surface

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10
Q

What are the 2 divisions of the skeletal system and what are they composed of.

A

Axial: Bones that lie of the axis of the body such as your, Skull, vertebrae, ribcage

Appendicular: Bones that are free moving such as upper/lower limbs and their connecting bones. (pectoral and pelvic girdle.)

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11
Q

Name the bones that make up the skull.

A
  1. Frontal Bone
  2. Parietal Bone
  3. Temporal Bone
  4. Occipital Bone
  5. Ethmoid Bone
  6. Sphenoid Bone
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12
Q

Name the bones that make up the facial bones:

A
  1. Maxillae
  2. Mandible
  3. Vomer
  4. Palatine
  5. Zygomatic
  6. Nasal
  7. Lacrimal
  8. Inferior Nasal Conchae
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13
Q

Where is the frontal bone located and what about its structure increases the resonance of the voice.

A

The frontal bone is located in the front of the cranium and contains a frontal sinus (cavity) which contains mucous membrane and adds resonance to the voice.

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14
Q

Where is the parietal bone located and what are the sutures it forms.

A

The parietal bone is located on the upper walls of the cranium and the ceiling.
It forms wormian sutures with:
1. Coronal Suture (btw parietal and frontal)
2. Sagittal Suture (btw parietal bones)
3. Squamous Suture (btw parietal and temporal)
4. Lambdoid Suture (btw parietal and occipital)

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15
Q

Where is the temporal bone located and what are the parts that make up the temporal bone.

A

The temporal bone is located on the lower walls of the cranium. It is made up of the:
*Squamous part* which is inferior to the parietal bones
“Tympanic part* which is located around the ear canal
“Petrous Part” which makes up the floor of the cranium
“Styloid Process” which is directed inferiorly and attaches to the condylar process on the mandible
“Mastoid Process” which is located behind the styloid and is used for sex determination.

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16
Q

Where is the occipital bone located and what are the main features?

A

The occipital bone is the most posterior of the skull and makes the lambdoid sutures with and conjoining bones.

Contains a magnum foramen which houses the spinal chord to enter the skull\

Has occipital condyles which are places where the vertebrae attaches to the skull.

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17
Q

Where is the sphenoid bone located?

A

Located between the frontal and the temporal bone and below the parietal.
Makes up the anterior part of the cranium base and eye orbit.

Also contains sinuses which help with voice resonance.

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18
Q

Where is the ethmoid bone located?

A

Located below the frontal and makes up a large portion of the upper nose (perpendicular plate of the septum) and a portion of the orbit.

Made up of sinuses (Voice resonance) and the superior and middle nasal conchae which is in charge of humidifying inhaled air.

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19
Q

Describe the role the fontanelles play in early development and name the types of fontanelles and their location.

A

Fontanelles are fibrous membrane which form between the bones in the skull during birth. As time goes on these fontanelles pull at the bones to allow them to fuse into their common wormian sutures.

Anterior: between frontal and parietal bone
posterior: between parietal and occipital bone
Anterolateral: btw parietal, sphenoid and temporal
posterolateral: btw parietal, occipital and temporal.

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20
Q

Name the 3 depressions of the cranial base and what part of the brain they hold.

A
  1. *Anterior Cranial Fossa* - Composed of frontal bone and ethmoid bone –> holds frontal Lobe
  2. *Middle Cranial Fossa* - Composed of temporal, parietal bone and sphenoid bone. –> Holds temporal lobe
  3. *Posterior Cranial Fossa* - Occipital bone and foramen magnum. –> Holds Cerebellum
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21
Q

Which facial bone supports the upper teeth, does it have a sinus?

A

The maxillae (upper jaw) is inferior to the nasal cavity and anterior to the hard palate,,, does have a sinus (Maxillary Sinus… very large)

22
Q

Where is the palatine bone located.

A

Located posterior to the hard palate, and makes up a small portion of the orbits.

23
Q

What bone is commonly referred to as the lateral contours of the face?

A

Zygomatic bone (cheek bone)

24
Q

What is the smallest facial bone, where is it located and what is its role.

A

The lacrimal is located anterior to the medial orbit wall and drains tears from the duct into the nose.

25
Q

Where is the nasal bone located

A

Superior to the septum, makes up the bridge of the nose.

26
Q

What bone is projected horizontally and medially from the lateral wall and humidifies inhaled air.

A

The inferior nasal concha

27
Q

Where is the vomer located and what is it the main component of.

A

Located below the perpendicular wall of the ethmoid bone and makes up the nasal septum

28
Q

What is the strongest facial bone and attaches to the skull via the condylar process.

A

Mandible

29
Q

What bones compose of the auditory ossicles and give a brief description of their job.

A

Malleus- (Hammer) Transmits sound vibrations

Incus- (anvil) Transmits vibrations to stapes

Stapes- (stirrup) Transmits vibration to cochlea.

30
Q

What bone is not attached to any other bone but is suspended from the styloid process and inferior to the mandible.

A

Hyoid Bone which acts as a moveable base for the tongue.

31
Q

What are the types of vertebrae and how many vertebra are included in each one.

A

Cervical- 7
Thoracic- 12
Lumbar- 5
Sacrum- 5 (fused)
Coccyx- 4 (fused)

32
Q

How are each section of the vertebrae curved and what is the intended function.

A

Cervical - Convex
Thoracic - Concave
Lumbar - Convex
Sacrum - Concave

Function: Increase strength, maintain balance when standing and sitting and absorption of shock.

33
Q

Identify the vertebra by their common and anatomical names. What role do they play in the human body.

A

C1 Verterbrae (atlas)

33
Q

Identify the vertebra by their common and anatomical names.

A

C2 Vertebra AXIS

34
Q

Name this veterbrae and all important features

A

Typical Cervical Vertebrae

  • Transverse Foramen
  • Vertebral Foramen
  • Bifid Spinous Process
  • Body
  • Superior articular facet
35
Q

Name this veterbrae and all important features

A

Typical Cervical Vertebrae

  • Transverse Foramen
  • Vertebral Foramen
  • Bifid Spinous Process
  • Body
  • Superior articular facet
36
Q

Name this vertebra and any important features

A
  • Typical Thoracic Vertebrae
  • Transverse Foramen and Body
  • Spinous process (projected inferiorly)
  • Transverse processes (where ribs make contact with)
  • Superior articular facet, transverse costal facet and superior costal facet.
37
Q

Name this vertebra and any important features,

A
  • Typical Lumbar Vertebra
  • Largest body
  • Thick spinous process
    • Transverse Process
    • Mamillary Process + Superior Articular Facet
    • Pedicle
    • Vertebral Foramen
38
Q

How many vertebra is fused at the end of the spine.

A

Sacrum = 5 fused between the illiac bones

Coccyx 4 fused below the sacrum

39
Q

What is the thoracic cage and describe its anterior and posterior view.

A

The cage is the bony framework of the thorax and has 12 ribs which are lateral to the sternum.

  • Anterior: Manubrium, Costal Cartilage and ribs
    • Posterior: Thoracic Vertebrae and Ribs
40
Q

Describe the structure of the ribs in the thoracic cage

A

True Ribs (1-7) Attach directly to the body of the sternum via costal cartilage

False Ribs (8-10) Attach indirectly to the body of the sternum via costal cartilage

Floating Ribs (11-12) Does not attach to the body of the sternum

41
Q

Label important features of the rib

A
  • Head
  • Neck
  • Tubercle (Binds to thoracic vertebra via superior and lateral costal facet)
    • Shaft
42
Q

What is the sternum composed of:

A
  • Manubrium (top part)
  • Body (middle)
    • Xiphoid Process (end)
43
Q

What allows the upper limbs to be attached to the axial skeletal system?

A

Pectoral Girdle:

  • Scapula and Clavicle
    *
44
Q

Identify the main features of the scapula

A

Acromion (posterior) Coracoid Process (Anterior): attaches to clavicle

Subscapular Fossa

45
Q

Identify the main features of the humerus

A
  • Head
  • Anatomical head
  • Surgical head
  • Shaft
  • Lateral + Medial Epicondyle
  • Olecranon Fossa
  • Capitulum
    • Trochlea
46
Q

Identify the main features of the radius + ulna

A
  • Olecranon Process
  • Trochlea notch
  • Shaft of Radius and Ulna (seperate)
  • Styloid Process
  • Radius Head
47
Q

Name all components of the free upper limb and free lower limb

A
  • Carpal (proximal)
  • Carpal (Distal)
  • Metacarpals
  • Phalanges
  • Tarsal (Proximal)
  • Tarsal (Distal)
  • Metatarsals
    • Phalanges
48
Q

What components make up the pelvis.

A

Os Coxae (individual hip)

→ Ilium

→ Acetabulum (socket for lower limb)

→ pubis

49
Q

What bone is formed in the lower limb due to high amounts of friction. Label important features:

A

Patella (sesmoid bone)

→ Apex

→ articular surface

50
Q

What is the bone that makes up the thigh. Label important features.

A

Femur

  • Head + Neck
  • Shaft
  • Lateral and Medial epicondyle (Anterior view)
  • Lateral and medial condyle (posterior view)
    • Intercondylar notch
51
Q

What bones are in your leg, Label important features:

A

Tibia and FIbula

  • Articular surface of lateral condyle and medial condyle
  • Interosseous membrane
  • Medial and Lateral condyle
  • Proximal tibiofibular joint
    • Distal Tibiofibular joint

ANAT1001 (20 decks)

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