Lecture 15: Brain PT2 Flashcards
What and where are the sensory areas of the cerebral cortex located?
- Primary Somatosensory Area - Postcentral gyrus
- Primary Olfactory Area-Medial Aspect of Temporal Lobe
- Primary visual Area- Posterior end of the occipital lobe
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Primary Auditory Area- Superior Part of the Temporal Lobe.
- Primary Gustatory Area- Base of Postcentral gyrus
Where is the primary motor area located in the brain?
Precentral Gyrus - voluntary muscle contractions
What is the Boca’s Area and where is it located
Involved in muscle contraction during speech.
Located in the LEFT HEMISPHERE ONLY!
What is the function of association areas in the brain?
- Association areas which connect motor and sensory areas concerned with higher mental activities.
- Normally lie adjacent to primary areas.
Identify your association areas:
Somatosensory association area
Visual association area
auditory association area
Prefrontal cortex
Common Integrative Area
Premotor Area
Wernicke’s Area
Where is the Somatosensory association area located and what is its function?
Located posterior to the primary somatosensory area
Function: Determination of shape, texture, relation points of objects.
Comparison with previous sensory experiences
Where is your visual association area located and what is its function?
Slightly superior to primary visual area on occipital lobe,
Function: Recognition and evaluation of visual perceptions.
Where is your auditory association area located and what is its function?
Inferior and posterior to the primary auditory area on the superior temporal lobe.
Function: Recognition of auditory perceptions
Where is your prefrontal cortex located and what is its function?
Anterior part of the frontal lobe.
Function: personality, intellect, recollection of info, creativity, judgement and initiative.
Where is your common integrative area located?
Located close to auditory, visual and somatosensory association areas.
Function: Processes incoming sensory information and integrates from different areas. (thought)
Where is the premotor area located? What is its function?
Anterior to primary motor area.
Function: Complex learning of motor activity patterns.
Where is the Wernicke’s Area located and what is its function?
what is its relation with the Brocca’s motor area.
Left Hemisphere ONLY: Interprets meaning of words and the recognition of spoken words>
BROCCA MOTOR AREA WORKS TOGETHER WITH WERNICKE’S ASSOCIATION AREA TO PROVIDE EMOTION OF WORDS THROUGH EXPRESSION
What is the location of the diencephalon region and what is it composed of?
Centrally located surrounded by cerebral hemispheres and superior to the midbrain.
- Thalamus
- Hypothalamus
- Epithalamus
Describe the Thalamus and what is its main function:
Two paired oval masses of grey matter (nuclei) which are connected via an intermediate mass.
Composed of 7 paired nuclei
Function:
- sensory impulses (crude) pain, temp and pressure, Motor function- transfer of impulses from cerebellum to primary motor cortex Maintaining autonomic nervous activities and consciousness
Describe the hypothalamus and the main functions it has.
The hypothalamus is made up of 4 basal nuclei masses (mamillary, tuberal, preoptic, supraoptic) superior to optic chiasm and pituitary gland.
Function: Controls and integrates ANS, homeostatic mechanisms (temp), circadian rhythm, states of consciousness.
Describe the epithalamus and what its main functions are.
Consists of the pineal gland- lies on the posterior extremity of the third ventricle.
Function: Produce melatonin which promotes sleepiness and dizzy. Has habenular nuclei for olfaction
Regulates motor pathways and emotion,
Where is the cerebellum located? Describe its appearance.
The cerebellum is located in the posterior/inferior aspects of the cranial cavity and is inferior to cerebrum. (separated by tentorium cerebelli)
The cerebellar cortex is folded into folia (gyri version) (grey matter)
White matter (internal) ARBOR VITAE
HEMISPHERES CONNECTED BY VERMIS
LOBES: ANTERIOR, POSTERIOR AND FLOCCULO-NODULLAR LOBE
ATTACHES TO BRAIN STEM VIA CEREBELLAR PEDUNCLES: (SUPERIOR, MIDDLE, INFERIOR)
Describe the histology of the cerebellar cortex.
- Molecular Layer: Composed of dendrites of purkinje cells, satellite and basket cells.
- Purkinje Cell Layer
- Granular cell layer
What is the brainstem composed of?
- Midbrain
- pons
- medulla oblongata
Where is the midbrain located? Describe its anatomical features and functions
Midbrain is btw the diencephalon and pons and contains the cerebral aqueduct which contains the 3rd and 4th ventricle.
Anterior part: Has the cerebral peduncles which transmit impulses from cerebellum to the thalamus
Posterior Part: 4 elevations: Superior colliculi (Reflex response to visual perceptions) Inferior colliculi (reflex response to auditory cues)
Where is the Pons located? Describe any anatomical features and their function:
The pons is located btw the midbrain and medulla. Houses the 4th ventricle btw the cerebellum.
- Ventral region: Relay station for white matter tracts from the cerebral and cerebellar hemispheres: voluntary movement
- Dorsal Region: Contains ascending sensory tract and descending motor tract, some cranial nerves.
Where is the medulla oblongata located? Identify and label the function of any anatomical features:
Located btw the pons and spinal chord: what is entering the foramen magnum:
White Matter: Ascending sensory and descending motor tracts. 2 anterior protrusions PYRAMIDS cross over at DECUSSATION OF PYRAMIDS
Olives- lateral to pyramids and transmit proprioception impulses to cereblellum
What is the reticular formation?
Network of neuronal cell bodies which lie from the diencephalon to the brain stem and to the top of the spinal chord.
Function: Ascending sensory tract: Maintain consciousness
Descending motor tract: regulation of resting muscle tone
Identify and label the function of the cranial nerves:
- Olfactory (I) Sensory, smell, smell receptors in nasal cavity
- Optic (II) Sensory, vision axons from retina
- Oculomotor (III) Motor, movement of upper eyelid and eyeball
- Trochlear (IV) Motor, Movement of eyeball
- Trigeminal (V) Mixed, sensory- touch proprioception. , motor (mastification)
- Abducens (VI) Motor- lateral movement of eyeball
- Facial (VII) Mixed, Sensory- taste proprioception, motor- facial expression
- Vestibulocochlear (VIII) - Sensory (equilibrium and hearing)
- Glossopharyngeal (IX) - Mixed, sensory (taste), motor (swallowing and speech)
- Vagus (X) - Mixed sensory- chemoreceptors, baroreceptors, taste), motor- (muscle of pharynx larynx, soft palate)
- Accessory (XI) - Motor trapezius muscle
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Hypoglossal (XII) - Motor, tongue
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