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ANAT1001 > Lecture 10: Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Lecture 10: Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the heart located?

A

In the mediastinum cavity ⅔ to the left of the midline.

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2
Q

Identify the main surfaces of the heart:

A

Base (Posterior Surface)

Apex (Left Corner)

Anterior Surface

Inferior Surface (diaphragmatic surface)

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3
Q

Identify and elaborate the components of the heart wall.

A
  1. Epicardium; Most external, thin, made out of mesothelium and CT acts as the visceral serous layer
  2. Myocardium; Middle Layer, very thick, thickness determines how hard the chamber will work.
  3. Endocardium; Thin most inner layer made of endothelium and CT
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4
Q

Outline the flow of deoxygenated blood throughout body:

A

Deoxygenated blood comes from superior and inferior vena cava and coronary vein.

→ Enters the right atrium → Passes through to right ventricle (via tricuspid valve) → Right ventricle pumps blood towards the pulmonary trunk through the pulmonary semilunar valve to be directed into the lungs. → Blood coming from lungs enter the pulmonary veins which enter the left atrium. → Pumps blood via bicuspid valve into thick left ventricle→ Pumps blood through the aortic semilunar valve into the ascending aorta which is distributed throughout body

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5
Q

What are the pouches on the anterior surface of the heart called and what is there role.

A

Auricles: Allow L+R atrium to hold larger volume of blood by increasing capacity

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6
Q

How does the heart have its own blood supply?

A

Heart wall contains grooves known as sulci which allow blood vessels to lie in and supply blood to the heart

  • Coronary Sulci: btw atria and ventricles
  • Anterior and Posterior interventricular sulci
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7
Q

What veins drains the upper body, lower body, and heart wall respectively?

A

Superior Vena Cava, Inferior Vena Cava, coronary sinus

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8
Q

What separates the L + R atria and what is the feature that is grown over after further development of the heart.

A

Interatrial septum:

Fossa Ovales → Originally the foramen ovales which bypassed the non functioning heart during foetal development.

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9
Q

What are the ridges or the atrial wall called and where do they come from?

A

Musculi Pectinati; derived from embryonic development.

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10
Q

What is the right atrioventricular valve called and what is its function?

A

Tricuspid Valve; stops reguritation of blood from ventricle back into atrium.

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11
Q

What is the role of the right ventricle?

A

Pumps blood into the pulmonary artery towards the lungs for oxygenation via the pulmonary semilunar valve

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12
Q

What are the main features inside the right ventricle:

A

Inner muscular ridges: Trabeculae carnal

Papillary muscles x 3 → Attached to chordae tendineae EACH control the tricuspid valve through contractions

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13
Q

What makes up the base of the heart?

A

Left atrium

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14
Q

What are the main features of the left atrium?

A
  • Thicker myocardium wall
  • Receives oxygenated blood from lungs via 4 pulmonary veins on the posterior surface.
  • Passes into ventricle via BICUSPID VALVE

Still has musculi pectinati ridges.

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15
Q

What are the main features of the left ventricle?

A
  • THICKEST MYOCARDIUM OF ALL CHAMBERS;
  • 2x papillary muscles and chordae tendinae
  • Trabeculae Carnae
    *
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16
Q

Identify the circled area and its original function

A

Ligamentum Arteriosum → ORIGINALLY Ductus Arteriosum which bypassed pulmonary circulation during foetal development.

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17
Q

Identify regions of the fibrous skeleton

A

QUESTION MARK TOP → BOTTOM = Left Trigone, Right Trigone conus tendon

Surrounding valves: 1. Right Atrioventricular ring 2. Left Atrioventricular ring 3. Pulmonary fibrous ring 4. Aortic fibrous ring

18
Q

What part of the nervous system runs the cardiac conduction system? What are the terms used for contraction and relaxation respectively.

A

Autonomic Nervous System: In charge of strength and timing on contraction DO NOT MAKE RHYTHM,.

Systole = Contraction Diastole: Relaxation

19
Q

Outline the node pathway for heart contraction.

A
  1. Activated by sinoatrial node (begins self excited nerve impulses_
  2. Atrioventricular node (Opens Valve)
  3. Atrioventricular Bundle (Closes valve)
  4. Left and right bundle branches (Prep Ventricle walls)
  5. Purkinje Fibers (Ventricles contract to send blood throughout body)
20
Q

Identify the blood vessels and their direction of the distribution of blood:

A

Arteries: Blood to Body

Veins: Blood to heart

Capillaries: Where gas exchange occurs

20
Q

Identify the blood vessels and their direction of the distribution of blood:

A

Arteries: Blood to Body

Veins: Blood to heart

Capillaries: Where gas exchange occurs

21
Q

Identify the 3 layers of basic vessels and their features:

A
  1. Tunica Intima: Innermost layer of thin endothelium. (Internal elastic lamina in arteries only)
  2. Tunica Media: Medium layer of smooth elastic tissue. (external elastic lamina in arteries only)
  3. Tunica Externa: External connective tissue which houses the blood supply and autonomic nerves.
22
Q

What is an anastamose?

A

Union or joining of blood vessels.

23
Q

What are the 3 subcategories of arteries and what are they determined by.

A
  1. Elastic Arteries (conducting x large) Bigger diameter of smooth muscle in tunica media
  2. Muscular arteries (Distributing x medium) Relatively smaller diameter of smooth muscle
  3. Arterioles (resistance x small)
24
Q

Describe the composition of an elastic artery

A

>1 cm in diameter

Tunica intima quite thick

Tunica media relatively thick (hold shape of artery)

Tunica externa relatively thin layer

Eg: Aorta or Pulmonary Trunk

25
Q

Describe the composition of muscular arteries

A

Tunica intima relatively thinner than tunica media which has thinner external elastic lamina. Tunica external thicker than media.

Eg Brachial Artery

26
Q

Describe the composition of the arterioles:

A

10 -100 micrometres in diameter

Unlikely to have internal elastic lamina ; tunica intima

Tunica media VERY THINK

Tunica Externa underdeveloped poorly defined CT

27
Q

Define capillaries and their subcategories. Highlight each of their function

A

Connection btw the venules and the arterioles, where nutrients are exchanged freely

→ Continuous, has pinocytotic vesicles

→ Fenestrated, Allows molecular exchange.

28
Q

Outline the composition of Venules:

A

Often run with arterioles.

Tunica intima; endothelium + Basement membrane

Tunica Media: none to 2 layers of smooth muscle

Tunica Externa: none to limited layers of poorly defined CT

29
Q

Outline the composition of veins:

A

Large Lumen; Contains thinner walls than arteries due to the absence of external and internal elastic lamina.

Tunica intima: CT rich in elastic fibres and may contain valves

Tunica externa: CT rich in collagen and elastic fibres thicker than tunica intima

30
Q

What is the skeletal muscle pump and what is its function?

A

Aids in the venous return of blood from the limbs. Works via the contraction of skeletal muscles on veins. These contraction provide increased pressure which open proximal valves for blood flow and closes distal valve as to avoid regurgitation of blood backwards.

31
Q

Briefly describe the aorta and parts.

A

The aorta is a very large artery of 2-3 cm in diameter

  1. Ascending aorta (Directly from heart upwards)
  2. Arch Aorta (bend which then projects inferiorly)
  3. Descending ( becomes thoracic artery at thoracic cavity and and abdominal artery through abdominal cavity_
  4. Will bifurcate into 2 branches at the pelvic region -L+R common iliac artries.
31
Q

Briefly describe the aorta and parts.

A

The aorta is a very large artery of 2-3 cm in diameter

  1. Ascending aorta (Directly from heart upwards)
  2. Arch Aorta (bend which then projects inferiorly)
  3. Descending ( becomes thoracic artery at thoracic cavity and and abdominal artery through abdominal cavity_
  4. Will bifurcate into 2 branches at the pelvic region -L+R common iliac artries.
32
Q

Identify all branches within the aorta and what they supply

A

Ascending: L + R Coronary Artery (Supplies heart wall)

Arch : Brachiocephalic trunk → right subclavian artery and right common carotid artery

Left common carotid artery and left subclavian artery

Abdominal Aorta: terminates at iliac region to form L+R iliac arteries.

33
Q

What are your principal veins?

A

Superior vena cava: drains deoxygenated blood from upper body

Inferior vena cava: drain deoxygenated blood from lower body

34
Q

What are the arteries that make up THE CEREBRAL ARTERIAL CIRCLE

A

L+R Internal carotid artery

L+R Vertebral artery

35
Q

What drains the blood from the cephalic region?

A

Dural Venous sinuses:

Made up of the superior sagittal sinus

Inferior Sagittal sinus

Straight sinus

Transverse L + R sinus

Sigmoid sinus; drains blood into the internal jugular

36
Q

What are the upper limb arteries:

A

Subclavian Artery

Axillary Artery

Brachial Artery (bifurcates)

Radial + Ulna arteries

37
Q

What are the lower limb arteries?

A

Right and Left Common illiac Artery

Femoral artery

Popliteal (posterior to the knee joint)

Anterior and Posterior Tibial artery

Fibular Artery

38
Q

What is the role of the coronary arteries? Identify the common ones.

A

Supply the myocardium of the heart wall.

Left coronary arteries: anterior interventricular artery (wall of ventricles), circumflex artery (left atrium and ventricle)

Right Coronary arteries: posterior interventricular artery( wall of ventricles), marginal artery (Right ventricle)

39
Q

Identify the main veins that drain the heart wall into the right atrium:

A

Great Cardiac vein: Drains L+R Ventricle and L atrium

Middle Cardiac vein: Drains L+R ventricle

Small Cardiac vein: Drains R ventricle and R atrium

Anterior Cardiac vein: Drains R ventricle

ANAT1001 (20 decks)

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