Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

ANAT1001 > Lecture 19 + 20: The Digestive System 1 & 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 19 + 20: The Digestive System 1 & 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the digestive system?

A
  • Ingestion
  • Secretion
  • Mixing and propulsion
  • Mechanical and chemical digestion
  • Absorption
  • Defecation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does food become throughout the digestion process?

A

1: Bolus, soft rounded mass of food that has been swallowed.
2: Chyme, semifluid mixture of partly digested food and enzymes in stomach and small intestine
3: Faeces Material discharged from rectum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Structurally classify the main parts of the digestive system:

A
  1. Gastrointestinal Tract (alimentary canal);
  • Oral cavity
  • Pharynx
  • Esophagus
  • Stomach
  • Small & Large intesting

2. Accessory organs

  • Teeth
  • Tongue
  • Saliva
  • Liver
  • Gallbladder
  • Pancreas
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Identify the main layers of the alimentary canal:

A

Mucosa

Submucosa

Muscularis

Serosa (adventitia)

SAME THROUGHOUT OESOPHAGUS → RECTUM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What makes up the mucosa layer of the alimentary canal?

A
  • Mucous membrane
  • → Specialized epithelial lining
  • → Lamina Propria (areolar connective tissue)
  • →Smooth Muscle (muscularis mucosae)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What makes up the submucosa?

A
  • Areolar CT
  • Blood and Lymph Vessels
    • Submucosal Nerve Plexus - ENTERIC ONLY
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What makes up the muscularis layer?

A
  • Skeletal muscle in mouths and rectal region
    • Myenteric Nerve plexus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What makes up the serosa?

A

AREOLAR CT → blood and lymph vessels + simple squamous

Serous membrane around GI organs below diaphragm = VISCERAL PERITONEUM

No serosa in oesophagus HAS ADVENTITA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is peritoneum?

A

Largest abdominal serous membrane = VISCERAL LAYER

retroperitoneal organs(anterior surface only covered) : → Duodenum, Pancreas, ascending and descending colon → Kidneys and Adrenal glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What components make up the oral cavity?

A

Oral vestibule: lips, cheeks, teeth

Oral Cavity Proper: Teeth, gum, fauces

Mucous membrane: Non keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Identify the anatomical features of the tongue?

A
  • 2 symmetrical halves divided by median sulcus
  • Covered by mucous membrane: lingual frenulum limits movement posteriorly
    • Skeletal muscle : extrinsic and intrinsic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What allows the tongue to taste?

A

Papillae:

  1. Fungiform: Tips of the tongue above margins
  2. Vallate: V- shaped distribution, posterior surface
  3. Foliate: lateral margins, mostly degenerate after childhood
  4. Filiform: no taste buds but touch receptors anterior wall.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the function of teeth? Name the anatomical features

A

Mechanical grinding of food to make a bolus.

  • In alveolar sockets
  • 3 external regions: CROWN, neck and root
    • Root canals for blood supply and nerves
      *
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What teeth appear first and then after? What kind of teeth are there

A

Deciduous (20)

Milk (32)

  • Incisors, canines, premolars and molars
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the major salivary glands and where are they located?

A

Parotid: Anterior and inferior to the ear

Submandibular : Beneath base of tongue

Sublingual: Superior to submandibular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the function of saliva?

A

Keep mucous membrane moist, clean teeth and begin chemical breakdown of food.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What part of the pharynx is linked to the GI tract

A

nasopharynx: connects oral cavity and oesophagus. Walls of skeletal muscles lined with mucous membrane.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What connects the nasopharynx and the stomach. Identify any anatomical features

A

oesophagus:

posterior to the trachea and anterior to the vertebra,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the 3 stages of deglutiton ?

A

Voluntary: bolus passed into nasopharynx

Pharyngeal: involuntary passage of bolus into oesophagus

Oesophageal: Involuntary passage of bolus into stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Describe the anatomy of the stomach:

A
  • J-shaped/ Lesser and greater curvatures
  • 4 main regions:
    • Cardia : superior opening (oesophagus)
    • Fundus: Superior to cardia
    • Body: Large central portion
  • Pylorus: Connection to the duodenum → Pyloric canal (sphincter) → Pyloric antrum
20
Q

What are the folds of the stomach called?

A

Ruggae

21
Q

What is the epithelium in the stomach?

A

Simple columnar epithelium: invaginates the lamina propria to form gastric pits

22
Q

Inside the gastric glands, what cells combined secrete the gastric juices?

A
  • Chief Cells
  • Parietal Cells
  • Enteroendocrine cells
23
Q

What is the function of the Fundus in the stomach?

A

Storage area

24
Q

What moves contents of stomach body to pyloric antrum

A

Peristaltic wave (propulsion)

25
Q

How does the pyloric sphincter regulate the incoming food via propulsion

A

Will only slightly widen. When food contents is too big to pass through it will be pushed back into the stomach (retropulsion)

Process continues until all food substances can pass through

26
Q

What supplies the stomach?

A

Rich blood supply from the celiac trunk

27
Q

Where is the pancreas located?

A

Posterior to the greater curvature of stomach and between the duodenum and spleen.

28
Q

What are the exocrine secretions produced by the pancreas and how does it aid in the digestion of food?

A

Produced by acini - PANCREATIC JUICES, water, salt, SODIUM BICARBONATE

Travels via the main pancreatic duct (joins common bile duct and enters duodenum as hepatopancreatic ampulla) to the major duodenal papilla

29
Q

What supplies the pancreas

A

Splenic artery

30
Q

What is the function of the liver?

A
  • Metabolism
  • detoxification
  • phagocytosis
  • Storage
  • Bile
  • Vit D activation
31
Q

Where is the liver located?

A

right hypochondriac and epigastric region → extends into left hypochondriac region

32
Q

Highlight the anatomical features of the liver

A
  • Diaphragmatic surface and visceral surface
  • Right and left lobe, caudate (posterior), quadrate (inferior)
  • Falciform Ligament, round ligament (ligamentum terres remnant of umbilical vein), right and left coronary ligament
    • Hilum (porta hepatis): visceral surface
33
Q

How does the liver get supplied with blood?

A

DUAL BLOOD SUPPY:

  • Hepatic portal vein (deoxygenated blood and nutrients from GI)
  • Proper hepatic artery (oxygenated blood)
  • R and L middle hepatic veins drains into INFERIOR VENA CAVA
34
Q

What is the liver hepatic lobule

A

hepatocyte: polygonal shaped

hepatic sinusoids: Deliver blood to central vein

Portal space contains portal triads: branch of hepatic artery, portal vein, and bile duct

Blood pours from the portal triad into the hepatic sinusoids → central vein → sub lobular vein → IVC

35
Q

What is the role of the bile canaliculi and bile ductus

A

Bile canaliculi located btw hepatocytes, drain into bile ductus,

Ductus merge with bile duct in the portal space

MADE in hepatocytes → drain into bile canaliculi → used or stored in gall bladder

bile flows opposite to blood

36
Q

What is the anatomy of the gall bladder

A

Visceral surface of the liver; pear shaped

Function: stores and concentrates bile

37
Q

What is the function of bile?

A

Bile is essential for digestion and absorption of fats.

Can be reused by liver when deposited to liver.

38
Q

Outline the pathway of ducts from the liver and gall bladder to the duodenum.

A

Right + Left Hepatic duct → Common hepatic duct

Common hepatic duct + cystic duct from gallbladder → Common bile duct

Common bile duct + Pancreatic duct → Hepatopancreatic ampulla

39
Q

What area of the GI tract is the primary absorber of nutrients,

A

Small intestine

40
Q

Describe the anatomy of the small intestine

A

Extends from the pylorus to the ileocecal junction

Forms central and inferior part of abdominal cavity

41
Q

Parts of the small intestine:

A
  1. Duodenum: C-shaped
  2. Jejunum - 1 m
    1. illeum - 2m
42
Q

What is the components inside the small intestine

A

Folds= increase absorptive area

  • Pilcae circulares- folds of mucosa and submucosa increase surface area
    • Villi- Finger like projections of the mucosa, capillaries and lacteals
    • microvilli- projections of the plasma membrane
43
Q

What are the cells that make up the stomach lining

A

Absorptive= most common cell type, tall columnar brush border.

Goblet= less abundant secrete mucous

enteroendocrine= secrete hormone

M cells = modified absorptive cells

Paneth: secrete antimicrobial lysosomes

44
Q

what are some cells that make up the submucosal layer in the duodenum?

A

Duodenal Glands: Produce alkaline mucous to neutralise acidic chyme entering small intestine.

45
Q

What are the specializations in the duodenum, jejunum, ileum

A

Duodenums: villi are often ridge or leaf shaped

Jejunum: Main absorptive size, most complex finger like villi

Ileum: Peyers Patches; greatest association of gut associated lymphoid.

46
Q

What’s the function of the large intestine?

A

absorption of water and inorganic ion, formation of fecal mass

47
Q

what are the parts of the large intestine?

A
  • Caecum inferior to ileocecal valve
  • vermiform (appendix)
  • colon:
      • Ascending colon (retrop) → right colic fissure → transverse → Left colic fixure → Descending colon (retrop) → Sigmoid (s-shaped) → Rectum → Anal Canal
48
Q

What is the interior of the large intestine composed of?

A
  • Teniae Coli- Longitudinal muscles thickened to form 3 bands
  • Haustra- pouches of colon
  • Omental appendicies- Pouches of visceral peritoneum
    *

ANAT1001 (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions