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BIO 425: Microbiology > Lecture 4: Nutrition and Metabolism > Flashcards

Lecture 4: Nutrition and Metabolism Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the main macronutrients that provide nutrition for microorganisms? What are the others?

A

Main
-Carbon, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Hydrogen

Others
-Phosphorus, Sulfur, Salts (K, Mg, Ca, Na)

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2
Q

What kinds of micronutrients provide nutrition for microorganisms?

A 
Trace elements (metals)
-Iron and Selenium
Growth Factors (Organic compounds like vitamins)
-Niacin, Riboflavin etc
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3
Q

What kinds of culture media are used to grow microorganisms?

A

Defined Media

  • Precise amounts of purified chemicals used
  • Know exactly whats in there

Complex Media

  • Includes extracts of impure substances
  • Contains nutrients you need but don’t know exact amounts contained
  • eg. Yeast
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4
Q

What are the two types of reactions concerning metabolism?

A

Catabolic Reactions
-Breaking down molecules and energy-releasing

Anabolic Reactions
-Building molecules and energy-requiring

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5
Q

What is the overall process of life?

A
  1. Acquiring nutrients
    - Raw materials
  2. Processing nutrients
    - making precursor metabolites
  3. Making Monomers
    - the building blocks
  4. Making Polymers
    - DNA, RNA, Polysaccharides, Lipids
  5. Assembling the polymers into macromolecules
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6
Q

What is the type of metabolism, Photoautotroph?

A

Energy source is Light

Carbon source is CO2

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7
Q

What is the type of metabolism, Chemoautotroph?

A

Energy source is Chemical

Carbon source is CO2

Example is the deep water archaea or Sulfur oxidizing bacteria

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8
Q

What is the type of metabolism, Photoheterotroph?

A

Energy source is Light

Carbon source is Organic Carbon

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9
Q

What is the type of metabolism, Chemoheterotroph?

A

Energy source is Chemical

Carbon source is Organic Carbon

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10
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Organic catalysts
-Increase rate of reaction and reduce activation energy

Mostly made of proteins
-Sometimes RNA or Coenzymes

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11
Q

How does an enzyme function?

A

Binds the substrate at the active site, releases it and is recycled

When it binds the substrate it will align reactive groups and strain specific bonds that it will break

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12
Q

What are cofactors?

A

Non-protein molecules

  • Prosthetic = tightly bound (eg heme group)
  • Coenzymes = Loosely bound (eg NAD)
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13
Q

What are REDOX reactions?

A

Oxidation

  • Loss of electrons
  • Electron donor = oxidized substance

Reduction

  • Gain of electrons
  • Electron Acceptor = reduced substance

ALWAYS COUPLED

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14
Q

How does the REDOX tower work?

A 
Top = Strongest Electron Donors
Bottom = Strongest Electron Acceptors

The further away the donor/acceptor are, the more energetically favorable the reaction energy
-Bigger the fall = the more energy generated

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15
Q

What are REDOX electron carriers?

A

Mediate the transfer of electrons between substances

  • eg. NAD+/NADH and FAD+/FADH2
  • Electron acceptor/donors
  • Also Coenzymes
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16
Q

How do Cells store the energy released from REDOX reactions?

A

Synthesizing energy rich compounds that can hold the energy in their bonds

  • Short term storage: ATP, PEP, Acetyl CoA
  • Long term Storage: Poly-B-Hydroxybutyrate (PBH), Glycogen
17
Q

What are two examples of catabolism?

A

Fermentation

  • Anaerobic
  • ATP from substrate level phosphorylation

Respiration

  • Aerobic but can have O2 substitutes
  • ATP from substrate-level phosphorylation AND Oxidative phosphorylation
18
Q

What are the types of phosphorylation that generates energy?

A

Substrate Level Phosphorylation
-ATP Produced by intermediates

Oxidative Phosphorylation
-ATP produced by proton motive force (ETC+ATP Synthase)

19
Q

What is Glycolysis & Fermentation?

A

Glycolysis

  • Pathway in Fermentation/Respiration
  • Breaks down Glucose into Pyruvate to yield 2 ATP

Fermentation

  • Regenerates NAD+
  • Pyruvate -> Lactic Acid
  • Pyruvate -> Ethanol + CO2
  • Waste products = alcohol (no purpose for cells)
20
Q

How are coenzymes like NAD+ recycled during Glycolysis & Fermentation?

A

Glycolysis reduces NAD+ -> NADH

Fermentation oxidizes NADH -> NAD+

21
Q

What is Respiration?

A

Form of Catabolism that breaks down Pyruvate to CO2

  • Susbtrate Level = 2 ATP
  • Oxidative Level = 32 ATP
22
Q

What is the Krebs/Citric Acid Cycle?

A

Breaks down Pyruvate to CO2

  • Succinyl CoA->Succinate (Substrate Level) = 2 ATP
  • Electron Carriers (NAD/FAD) = 28 ATP (Oxidative)
23
Q

What is the electron transport chain?

A

Uses electron carriers from CAC to carry electrons to enzymes within ETC
-Oxidation of these electron carriers produces energy to shuttle protons outside of cell (proton motive force)

Oxygen is the final electron Acceptor (O2->2 H20)

24
Q

What is oxidative phosphorylation?

A

ATP Synthase uses Proton Gradient to synthesize ATP

  • F0 in membrane transports H+ into cell
  • F1 within cell phosphorylates ADP+P -> ATP
25
Q

How does Respiration in the absence of Oxygen work?

A

No Oxygen as the final electron acceptor

Alternative electron acceptors
-Nitrate, Iron, Sulfate (not as energetically favorable)

Same process (ETC, Proton motive force, ATP Synthase) but less energy released

26
Q

What are Phototrophs?

A

Energy from light instead of chemicals

Different energy source(Light) but same process as aerobic respiration

Carbon source = CO2 = Autotrophs
-Base of the food chain

27
Q

What are Chemo(litho)autotrophs?

A

Use Inorganic Compounds:

  • As Electron Donors (H2S)
  • As carbon source (CO2) = Autotrophs

Examples: Hydrothermal vents, Giant Tube Worms

28
Q

What is Anabolism?

A

Biosynthesis = Building compounds
-LIke Sugars, Amino Acids, Nucleotides, Fatty Acids

Use energy stored from Catabolic reactions to build

29
Q

What intermediates from CAC is used as precursors in Anabolic Reactions?

A

a-Ketoglutarate -> Amino Acids
Oxaloacetate -> Amino Acids
Succinyl-CoA -> Cytochrome & Chlorophyll

30
Q

What intermediates from Glycolysis is used as precursors in Anabolic Reactions?

A

Pyruvate -> Amino Acids

3-Phosphoglycerate -> Amino Acids

31
Q

How are enzymes used to regulate anabolic reactions?

A

Regulates Energy usage of cell through Negative Feedback inhibition

  • End product will inhibit the enzyme
  • Occurs in allosteric Enzymes

BIO 425: Microbiology (22 decks)

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