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BIO 425: Microbiology > Lecture 15 - Person to Person Diseases > Flashcards

Lecture 15 - Person to Person Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

What are the different transmission modes of person-to-person diseases?

A

Airborne

Direct contact

Sexually transmitted

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2
Q

What are the barriers to transmission and how do pathogens overcome these barriers?

A

Barriers

  • dessication
  • oxygen intolerance

Overcoming Barriers
-Gram positive bacteria, thick cell walls prevent dessication

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3
Q

How does airborne transmission occur?

A

travel through airborne particulates

  • cause respiratory distress
  • spread by sneezin, coughing, talking
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4
Q

How does transmission through direct contact occur?

A

physical contact or exposure
-many human carriers, often present in low numbers in normal human microflora

compromised immune system increases risk

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5
Q

How does sexual transmission occur?

A

Body fluids of urogenital tract transferred during sexual activity

Difficult to track or control

Passage to newborns in infected mothers

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6
Q

What are some examples of viral and bacterial airborne diseases?

A

Bacterial Diseases

  • Streptococcus
  • Pertussis (Whooping Cough)
  • Tuberculosis

Viral Diseases

  • Measles
  • Colds
  • Influenza
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7
Q

What are the types of streptococcal diseases?

A

Pathogen
Streptococcus spp.
-Aerotolerant, Gram (+)

Strep Throat

  • Streptococcus pyogenes
  • = “Group A” Strep (GAS)

Pneumonia
-Streptococcus pneumoniae

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8
Q

What is Epidemiology+Pathogenesis of Streptococcus pyogenes?

A

Present in Respiratory Microflora

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9
Q

What is the Epidemiology+Pathogenesis of Streptococcus pneumoniae?

A
  • Present in Respiratory Microflora
  • Lower Respiratory Tract
  • Contribute to #1 Killer Worldwide
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10
Q

What is the pathogen and epidemiology+pathogenesis of pertussis?

A

Pathogen

  • Bordatella pertussis
  • aerobic, gram (–)

Epidemiology + Pathogenesis

  • High Morbidity
  • adheres to upper respiratory tract
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11
Q

What is Pathogen, Epidemiology+Pathogenesis of tuberculosis?

A

Pathogen
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
-Gram (–), Bacillus Cells
-Highly Contagious

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12
Q

What are some other Mycobacteria pathogens?

A

M. leprae

  • Causes Leprosy
  • “Hansen’s Disease”

M. bovis

  • Causes Classic TB Symptoms
  • Bovine-­‐to-­‐Human Transmission
  • Eradicated with Pastuerization
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13
Q

What is the pathogen and epidemiology+pathogenesis of Measles?

A

Pathogen

  • Paramyxovirus
  • Negative strand RNA Virus

Epidemiology+Pathogenesis

  • Mostly affects children
  • highly infectious
  • Enters Nose and Throat - Systemic Viremia
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14
Q

What is the the pathogen and epidemiology of the cold?

A

Pathogen

  • Viral - numerous types
  • Primarily Rhinoviruses

Epidemiology+Pathogenesis
-most common infectious disease

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15
Q

What are the pathogen and epidemiology+pathogenesis for influenza?

A

Pathogen

  • orthomyxovirus
  • negative strand RNA virus

Epidemiology+Pathogenesis

  • infects upper respiratory tract
  • secondary infections
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16
Q

How can a pandemic occur?

A

Antigenic shifts

  • major change to virus antigen due to gene reassortment
  • eg. bird virus infects pig and reasortment of virus occurs. Next humans are newly infected
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17
Q

What are some examples of influenza pandemics?

A

Swine flu in 2009

Spanish flue in 1918

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18
Q

What are some examples of direct-contact diseases?

A

Bacterial Diseases

  • Staphylococcal Infections
  • Gastric Ulcers

Viral Disease

  • Hepatitis
  • Mononucleosis
19
Q

What is the Pathogen and Epidemiology+Pathogenesis of staphylococcal infection?

A

Pathogen

  • Staphylococcus aureus
  • facultatively aerobic, Gram (+)
  • microbiota of upper respiratory tract
  • MRSA

Epidemiology

  • Variable mortality and unknown morbidity
  • healthcare associated=85%
  • non-healthcare=15%

Pathogenesis
-causes several diseases

20
Q

What are the pathogen and Epidemiology+Pathogenesis for gastric ulcers?

A

Pathogen

  • Heliobacter pylori
  • microaerophilic, Gram (–)

Epidemiology+Pathogenesis

  • ­But 80% of Hosts Are Asymptomatic
  • May Lead to Gastric Cancer
  • Attaches to Stomach and Duodenom Lining
21
Q

What are the pathogen and the epidemiology+pathogenesis for hepatitis?

A

Pathogen

  • numerous viruses, Hep A, B, C
  • some bacteria

Epidemiology
-large decline due to vaccine

Pathogenesis

  • bloodborne
  • consuming shellfish
22
Q

What are the pathogen and the epidemiology+pathogenesis for mononucleosis?

A

Pathogen

  • Epstein-Barr Viruses, EBV
  • dsDNA virus, member of herpes viral family

Epidemiology

  • exteremely low mortality
  • over 90% worldwide morbidity

Pathogenesis
-infects salivary gland cells and B cells

23
Q

What are the sexually transmitted diseases?

A

Bacterial Diseases

  • gonorrhea vs syphilis
  • chlamydia

Viral Diseases

  • herpes
  • AIDS
24
Q

What is gonorrhea and syphilis?

A

Two common and treatable STDs

  • penicillin
  • higher incidence of gonorrhea
25
Why is there a higher incidence of gonorrhea?
1) Strain-Specific Aquired Immunity - Repeated Reinfection Can Occur 2) Use of Oral Contraceptives - Disrupt Vaginal Microflora 3) Mild Symptoms in Infected Women - ­Many unaware of the disease
26
What are the Symptoms and the epidemiology for chlamydia?
Pathogen - Chlamydia trachomatis - obligate intracellular bacterium Epidemiology -most commonly reported STD in US
27
What is herpes?
Pathogen - herpesviruses - diverse, dsDNA virus group - Herpes simplex I=cold sores - Herpes simplex II=genital sores
28
What are the Pathogen and the Epidemiology+Pathogenesis for AIDS?
Pathogen - Human Immunodeficiency Virus - Retrovirus Epidemiology -recognized in 1981 Pathogenesis -Virus targets T cells and Macrophages using gp120 protein -viral replication=immune cell death -syncitia = fused Healthy + Infected Host Cells which accelerates infection/destruction of host cells
29
What is the Symptoms+Diagnosis for Streptococcus Pyrogenes?
Symptoms+Diagnosis - Severe Sore Throat, Mild Fever - Untreated, Leads to Scarlet Fever - Immunofluorescence, ELISA, Throat Cultures
30
What is the Treatment + Prevention for Streptococcus Pyrogenes?
Treatment + Prevention - No Vaccine Available - Antibiotics - Pencillin G, Erythromycin - Early Diagnosis and Treatment
31
What are the symptoms+diagnosis for Streptococcus pneumoniae?
Symptoms + Diagnosis - Reduced Lung Function (pneumonia) - Can Spread as Bacteremia - Cultures (sputum, blood)
32
What are the treatment+prevention for Streptococcus pneumoniae?
Treatment + Prevention - Vaccines Available - High Risk Adults (e.g. Elderly) - ­Children (2-­‐23 months) Antibiotics - ­Many Resistant Strains - Test for Antibiotic Sensitivity - Early Diagnosis and Treatment
33
What are the Symptoms+Diagnosis and the Treatment+Prevention for pertussis?
Symptoms + Diagnosis - recurrent, violent cough - PCR, Culture, Immunoassay Treatment + Prevention - vaccine available - antibiotics
34
What is the chronic and acute infection caused by tuberculosis?
Chronic Infection - Pathogen is Dormant, Most Cases - ­Occasional Postprimary TB Acute Infection - Bacterial Spread - ­Host Damage, Death
35
What is the symptoms+diagnosis and Treatment+Prevention for measles?
Symptoms + Diagnosis - Early= nasal discharge, eye redness - Late=Fever, cough, rash - Clinical symptoms, ELISA Treatment + Prevention - Vaccine Available, MMR - Treat symptoms
36
What are the Symptoms+Diagnosis and the Treatment+Prevention of the cold?
Symptoms + Diagnosis - inflammation of nasal region - watery discharge, malaise - clinical symptoms Treatment + Prevention - No vaccine - treat symptoms
37
What are the Virulence factors of staphylococcal infection?
Virulence Factors - ­Hemolysins=Lyse Blood Cells - Coagulase=Forms Localized Clot - Leukocidin=Lyse Leukocytes - Enterotoxin A=Superantigen
38
What are the Diagnosis and Treatment for staphylococcal infections?
Diagnosis - enriched media cultures - MRSA=chromogenic media Treatment + Prevention - exclusion of carriers - antibiotics
39
What are the symptoms+diagnosis and the treatment+prevention for influenza?
Symptoms + Diagnosis - fever, chills, headache, malaise - identify surface glycoproteins Treatment + Prevention - vaccines continuously produced due to changing antigens - antiviral drugs
40
What are the symptoms+diagnosis and the treatment+prevention for gastric ulcers?
Symptoms + Diagnosis - epigastric, stomach, pains - biopsy culture Treatment + Prevention - antibacterial, metronidazole - antibiotic, amoxicillin, and antacid
41
What are the Symptoms+Diagnosis and the Treatment+Prevention for the hepatitis?
Symptoms + Diagnosis - jaundice and cirrhosis - ELISA - no cultures Treatment + Prevention - supportive treatment - antivirals
42
What are the Symptoms+Diagnosis and the Treatment+Prevention for mononucleosis?
Symptoms -extreme fatigue, sore throat, fever Diagnosis - microscopy - PCR tests Treatment + Prevention - supportive treatment, like fluids, rest, fever reducers - no vaccine - avoid contact w/ infected
43
What are the Symptoms+Diagnosis and the Treatment+Prevention for Chlamydia?
Symptoms - Inapperent in most cases - testicular swelling=rare - fallopian tube damage=rare Diagnosis -PCR Tests, ELISA Treatment + Prevention -Antibiotics
44
What are the Symptoms+Diagnosis and the Treatment+Prevention for AIDS?
Symptoms - Early = None or flu-like - Late = Strong and variable Diagnosis -ELISA+Immunoblot Treatment + Prevention - no vaccine and no cure - drugs to delay progression like nucleoside analogs, AZT, or protease inhibitors, saquinavir

BIO 425: Microbiology (22 decks)

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