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BIO 425: Microbiology > Lecture 15 - Person to Person Diseases > Flashcards

Lecture 15 - Person to Person Diseases Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the different transmission modes of person-to-person diseases?

A

Airborne

Direct contact

Sexually transmitted

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2
Q

What are the barriers to transmission and how do pathogens overcome these barriers?

A

Barriers

  • dessication
  • oxygen intolerance

Overcoming Barriers
-Gram positive bacteria, thick cell walls prevent dessication

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3
Q

How does airborne transmission occur?

A

travel through airborne particulates

  • cause respiratory distress
  • spread by sneezin, coughing, talking
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4
Q

How does transmission through direct contact occur?

A

physical contact or exposure
-many human carriers, often present in low numbers in normal human microflora

compromised immune system increases risk

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5
Q

How does sexual transmission occur?

A

Body fluids of urogenital tract transferred during sexual activity

Difficult to track or control

Passage to newborns in infected mothers

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6
Q

What are some examples of viral and bacterial airborne diseases?

A

Bacterial Diseases

  • Streptococcus
  • Pertussis (Whooping Cough)
  • Tuberculosis

Viral Diseases

  • Measles
  • Colds
  • Influenza
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7
Q

What are the types of streptococcal diseases?

A

Pathogen
Streptococcus spp.
-Aerotolerant, Gram (+)

Strep Throat

  • Streptococcus pyogenes
  • = “Group A” Strep (GAS)

Pneumonia
-Streptococcus pneumoniae

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8
Q

What is Epidemiology+Pathogenesis of Streptococcus pyogenes?

A

Present in Respiratory Microflora

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9
Q

What is the Epidemiology+Pathogenesis of Streptococcus pneumoniae?

A
  • Present in Respiratory Microflora
  • Lower Respiratory Tract
  • Contribute to #1 Killer Worldwide
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10
Q

What is the pathogen and epidemiology+pathogenesis of pertussis?

A

Pathogen

  • Bordatella pertussis
  • aerobic, gram (–)

Epidemiology + Pathogenesis

  • High Morbidity
  • adheres to upper respiratory tract
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11
Q

What is Pathogen, Epidemiology+Pathogenesis of tuberculosis?

A

Pathogen
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
-Gram (–), Bacillus Cells
-Highly Contagious

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12
Q

What are some other Mycobacteria pathogens?

A

M. leprae

  • Causes Leprosy
  • “Hansen’s Disease”

M. bovis

  • Causes Classic TB Symptoms
  • Bovine-­‐to-­‐Human Transmission
  • Eradicated with Pastuerization
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13
Q

What is the pathogen and epidemiology+pathogenesis of Measles?

A

Pathogen

  • Paramyxovirus
  • Negative strand RNA Virus

Epidemiology+Pathogenesis

  • Mostly affects children
  • highly infectious
  • Enters Nose and Throat - Systemic Viremia
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14
Q

What is the the pathogen and epidemiology of the cold?

A

Pathogen

  • Viral - numerous types
  • Primarily Rhinoviruses

Epidemiology+Pathogenesis
-most common infectious disease

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15
Q

What are the pathogen and epidemiology+pathogenesis for influenza?

A

Pathogen

  • orthomyxovirus
  • negative strand RNA virus

Epidemiology+Pathogenesis

  • infects upper respiratory tract
  • secondary infections
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16
Q

How can a pandemic occur?

A

Antigenic shifts

  • major change to virus antigen due to gene reassortment
  • eg. bird virus infects pig and reasortment of virus occurs. Next humans are newly infected
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17
Q

What are some examples of influenza pandemics?

A

Swine flu in 2009

Spanish flue in 1918

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18
Q

What are some examples of direct-contact diseases?

A

Bacterial Diseases

  • Staphylococcal Infections
  • Gastric Ulcers

Viral Disease

  • Hepatitis
  • Mononucleosis
19
Q

What is the Pathogen and Epidemiology+Pathogenesis of staphylococcal infection?

A

Pathogen

  • Staphylococcus aureus
  • facultatively aerobic, Gram (+)
  • microbiota of upper respiratory tract
  • MRSA

Epidemiology

  • Variable mortality and unknown morbidity
  • healthcare associated=85%
  • non-healthcare=15%

Pathogenesis
-causes several diseases

20
Q

What are the pathogen and Epidemiology+Pathogenesis for gastric ulcers?

A

Pathogen

  • Heliobacter pylori
  • microaerophilic, Gram (–)

Epidemiology+Pathogenesis

  • ­But 80% of Hosts Are Asymptomatic
  • May Lead to Gastric Cancer
  • Attaches to Stomach and Duodenom Lining
21
Q

What are the pathogen and the epidemiology+pathogenesis for hepatitis?

A

Pathogen

  • numerous viruses, Hep A, B, C
  • some bacteria

Epidemiology
-large decline due to vaccine

Pathogenesis

  • bloodborne
  • consuming shellfish
22
Q

What are the pathogen and the epidemiology+pathogenesis for mononucleosis?

A

Pathogen

  • Epstein-Barr Viruses, EBV
  • dsDNA virus, member of herpes viral family

Epidemiology

  • exteremely low mortality
  • over 90% worldwide morbidity

Pathogenesis
-infects salivary gland cells and B cells

23
Q

What are the sexually transmitted diseases?

A

Bacterial Diseases

  • gonorrhea vs syphilis
  • chlamydia

Viral Diseases

  • herpes
  • AIDS
24
Q

What is gonorrhea and syphilis?

A

Two common and treatable STDs

  • penicillin
  • higher incidence of gonorrhea
25
Q

Why is there a higher incidence of gonorrhea?

A

1) Strain-Specific Aquired Immunity
- Repeated Reinfection Can Occur

2) Use of Oral Contraceptives
- Disrupt Vaginal Microflora

3) Mild Symptoms in Infected Women
- ­Many unaware of the disease

26
Q

What are the Symptoms and the epidemiology for chlamydia?

A

Pathogen

  • Chlamydia trachomatis
  • obligate intracellular bacterium

Epidemiology
-most commonly reported STD in US

27
Q

What is herpes?

A

Pathogen

  • herpesviruses
  • diverse, dsDNA virus group
  • Herpes simplex I=cold sores
  • Herpes simplex II=genital sores
28
Q

What are the Pathogen and the Epidemiology+Pathogenesis for AIDS?

A

Pathogen

  • Human Immunodeficiency Virus
  • Retrovirus

Epidemiology
-recognized in 1981

Pathogenesis
-Virus targets T cells and Macrophages using gp120 protein
-viral replication=immune cell death
-syncitia = fused Healthy +
Infected Host Cells which accelerates infection/destruction of host cells

29
Q

What is the Symptoms+Diagnosis for Streptococcus Pyrogenes?

A

Symptoms+Diagnosis

  • Severe Sore Throat, Mild Fever
  • Untreated, Leads to Scarlet Fever
  • Immunofluorescence, ELISA, Throat Cultures
30
Q

What is the Treatment + Prevention for Streptococcus Pyrogenes?

A

Treatment + Prevention

  • No Vaccine Available
  • Antibiotics
  • Pencillin G, Erythromycin
  • Early Diagnosis and Treatment
31
Q

What are the symptoms+diagnosis for Streptococcus pneumoniae?

A

Symptoms + Diagnosis

  • Reduced Lung Function (pneumonia)
  • Can Spread as Bacteremia
  • Cultures (sputum, blood)
32
Q

What are the treatment+prevention for Streptococcus pneumoniae?

A

Treatment + Prevention

  • Vaccines Available
  • High Risk Adults (e.g. Elderly)
  • ­Children (2-­‐23 months)

Antibiotics

  • ­Many Resistant Strains
  • Test for Antibiotic Sensitivity
  • Early Diagnosis and Treatment
33
Q

What are the Symptoms+Diagnosis and the Treatment+Prevention for pertussis?

A

Symptoms + Diagnosis

  • recurrent, violent cough
  • PCR, Culture, Immunoassay

Treatment + Prevention

  • vaccine available
  • antibiotics
34
Q

What is the chronic and acute infection caused by tuberculosis?

A

Chronic Infection

  • Pathogen is Dormant, Most Cases
  • ­Occasional Postprimary TB

Acute Infection

  • Bacterial Spread
  • ­Host Damage, Death
35
Q

What is the symptoms+diagnosis and Treatment+Prevention for measles?

A

Symptoms + Diagnosis

  • Early= nasal discharge, eye redness
  • Late=Fever, cough, rash
  • Clinical symptoms, ELISA

Treatment + Prevention

  • Vaccine Available, MMR
  • Treat symptoms
36
Q

What are the Symptoms+Diagnosis and the Treatment+Prevention of the cold?

A

Symptoms + Diagnosis

  • inflammation of nasal region
  • watery discharge, malaise
  • clinical symptoms

Treatment + Prevention

  • No vaccine
  • treat symptoms
37
Q

What are the Virulence factors of staphylococcal infection?

A

Virulence Factors

  • ­Hemolysins=Lyse Blood Cells
  • Coagulase=Forms Localized Clot
  • Leukocidin=Lyse Leukocytes
  • Enterotoxin A=Superantigen
38
Q

What are the Diagnosis and Treatment for staphylococcal infections?

A

Diagnosis

  • enriched media cultures
  • MRSA=chromogenic media

Treatment + Prevention

  • exclusion of carriers
  • antibiotics
39
Q

What are the symptoms+diagnosis and the treatment+prevention for influenza?

A

Symptoms + Diagnosis

  • fever, chills, headache, malaise
  • identify surface glycoproteins

Treatment + Prevention

  • vaccines continuously produced due to changing antigens
  • antiviral drugs
40
Q

What are the symptoms+diagnosis and the treatment+prevention for gastric ulcers?

A

Symptoms + Diagnosis

  • epigastric, stomach, pains
  • biopsy culture

Treatment + Prevention

  • antibacterial, metronidazole
  • antibiotic, amoxicillin, and antacid
41
Q

What are the Symptoms+Diagnosis and the Treatment+Prevention for the hepatitis?

A

Symptoms + Diagnosis

  • jaundice and cirrhosis
  • ELISA
  • no cultures

Treatment + Prevention

  • supportive treatment
  • antivirals
42
Q

What are the Symptoms+Diagnosis and the Treatment+Prevention for mononucleosis?

A

Symptoms
-extreme fatigue, sore throat, fever

Diagnosis

  • microscopy
  • PCR tests

Treatment + Prevention

  • supportive treatment, like fluids, rest, fever reducers
  • no vaccine
  • avoid contact w/ infected
43
Q

What are the Symptoms+Diagnosis and the Treatment+Prevention for Chlamydia?

A

Symptoms

  • Inapperent in most cases
  • testicular swelling=rare
  • fallopian tube damage=rare

Diagnosis
-PCR Tests, ELISA

Treatment + Prevention
-Antibiotics

44
Q

What are the Symptoms+Diagnosis and the Treatment+Prevention for AIDS?

A

Symptoms

  • Early = None or flu-like
  • Late = Strong and variable

Diagnosis
-ELISA+Immunoblot

Treatment + Prevention

  • no vaccine and no cure
  • drugs to delay progression like nucleoside analogs, AZT, or protease inhibitors, saquinavir

BIO 425: Microbiology (22 decks)

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