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BIO 425: Microbiology > Lecture 19 Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology > Flashcards

Lecture 19 Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Industrial microbiology?

A

Commerical Products Produced By “Natural”

Microorganisms

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2
Q

What is biotechnology?

A

Commerical Products from Genetically Engineered

Microorganisms

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3
Q

How are industrial microbiology and biotechnology different?

A

Industrial Microbiology

  • Select For Mutant Strains
  • ­Large Scale Production
  • Low Price (Value)

Biotechnology

  • Targeted Genetic Engineering
  • ­Small Scale Production
  • High Price (Value)
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4
Q

What are the characteristics of industrial microbes?

A
  • Produce The Substance of Interest
  • Rapid Growth and Production
  • Scalable Growth and Production
  • Non-Pathogenic
  • Amenable To Genetic Analyses

=PROFIT!

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5
Q

What is the microbial growth cycle?

A

Lag Phase -> Exponential -> Stationary

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6
Q

What are the products of industrial microbiology?

A

Primary Metabolites

  • ­Products of Essential Pathways
  • ­Occurs During Exponential Phase

Secondary Metabolites

  • ­Products of Non-­Essential Pathways
  • ­Occurs During Stationary Phase
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7
Q

What is the fermentation process of industrial microbiology?

A

Any Large-­‐Scale Microbial Process
-­Conducted in Large Vessels Called Fermentors

Processes Must Be Scalable
-­Small-­‐Scale Lab Trials -> Large-Scale Production

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8
Q

What kinds of products are produced by industrial microbiology?

A
  • Antibiotics
  • Enzymes
  • Vitamins
  • Biofuels
  • Alcoholic Beverages
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9
Q

What kinds of antibiotics are produced by industrial microbiology?

A

Penicillin

  • Penicillium chrysogenum
  • High-­Yielding Fungus

Types of Penicillin

  • Natural
  • Biosynthetic
  • Semisynthetic (Most Commonly Prescribed)
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10
Q

What kinds of enzymes are produced by industrial microbiology?

A

Exoenzymes = Microbial Enzymes Produced in Large Amounts and Excreted From The Cell

Proteases

  • ­Degrade Proteins
  • ­Used In Laundry Detergents

Amylases

  • ­Convert Starch to Glucose
  • ­Used As Animal Feed Supplements
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11
Q

What kinds of vitamins are produced by industrial microbiology?

A

Vitamin = Vital Amine

Essential Organic Compounds
-Received From Diet

Vitamin B12

  • ­Produced Only By Microorganisms
  • ­Required By All Animals For Growth
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12
Q

What are some examples of amino acids (vitamins) produced through industrial microbiology?

A

Glutamic Acid
-Flavor enhancer (MSG)

Aspartic Acid + Phenylalanine
-artificial sweetener

Lysine
-essential amino acid

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13
Q

What’s the difference between biofuels and fossil fuels?

A

Biofuel

  • Fuels of Recent Origin
  • Fermentation of Plant Material
  • Natural Product of Green Algae

Fossil Fuels

  • Fuels of Ancient Origin
  • Extraction of Existing Stores
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14
Q

What are two examples of biofuels?

A

Ethanol

  • Added to Gasoline (10%) = Gasohol
  • Higher % Ethanol Mix Requires Different Engines

Petroleum

  • Long-­‐Chain Hydrocarbons
  • Green Alga
  • Botryococcus braunii (30% Cell Weight = Petroleum)
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15
Q

What are the benefits and problems of ethanol+petroleum?

A

Benefits
-renewable+sustainable

Problems

  • Ethanol=more energy to make than present in biofuel
  • Petroleum=meeting global demand
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16
Q

How is wine produced?

A

Grapes -> Must (juice + pomace)

Yeast Fermentation
-­Wild Yeast + Cultivated Yeast

Sodium Metabisulfite (“Sulfites”)
-­Kills Wild Yeast

Fermentors with CO2 Escape

17
Q

What is the difference between red and white wine?

A

Fermentation

  • ­With Pomace (red)
  • Without Pomace (white)

Aging

  • ­Longer (red)
  • ­Shorter (white)
18
Q

What is beer and what are the key ingredients?

A

Beer = Fermentation of Grain (Starch) Beverage

Key Ingredients

  • Malt = Germinated Barley Seeds (Convert Starch to Glucose)
  • Yeast = Saccharomyces cerevisiae or S. pastorianus
  • ­Convert Glucose to Ethanol + CO2
19
Q

What are the key processes to making beer?

A

Mashing = Preparing Fermentable Liquid

  • ­Cook and Steep Malt + Corn, Rice or Wheat
  • Filter + Keep Aqueous Mixture (SweetWort)

Boiling Wort = Add Hops and Boil

  • ­Hops Add Bitter Flavors + Antimicrobial Properties
  • ­Filter + Keep Aqeous Mixture (Bitter Wort)

Fermentation = Add Brewer’s Yeast
-­Convert Glucose to Ethanol + CO2

20
Q

What types of yeast are used to produce ales vs lagers?

A

Ales = S. cerevisiae

  • top yeast
  • Inc. temp and Dec. ferment time

Lagers = S. pastorianus

  • bottom yeast
  • Dec. temp and Inc. ferment time
21
Q

What are distilled beverages?

A
  • Malt Brews = Whiskey
  • Wine = Brandy
  • Fermented Molasses = Rum
  • Fermented Potatoes = Vodka
  • Fermented Grain/Juniper Berries = Gin
22
Q

How are the commercial products produced from genetically engineered organisms?

A

Expressing Prokaryotic Genes In Bacteria (easy)

Expressing Eukaryotic Genes In Bacteria (difficult)

  • ­Eukaryote Genes Contain Introns
  • ­Introns Must Be Removed For Genes To Function
23
Q

How is gene cloning accomplished via mRNA?

A

Reverse Transcriptase

  • mRNA to cDNA
  • Complementary DNA (cDNA)
  • Poly-A Tails
24
Q

What are some example products of biotechnology?

A 
Engineered Proteins
Engineered Vaccines
Engineered Pathways
Engineered Plants
Engineered Animals
25
Q

What are engineered proteins?

A

engineered microbes w/ protein genes

-low abundance in tissue w/ high pharmaceutical value

26
Q

What are some examples of engineered proteins?

A

Somatotropin

  • Growth hormone (dwarfism=lack somatotropin)
  • increases milk production in cows

Rennet
-Enzyme used to make cheese

27
Q

What are the types of recombinant DNA vaccines?

A

(1) Recombinant-Vector
- ­Antigen Gene -> Vaccinia Virus Carrier
- ­Inject Virus into Host
- ­Example: Rabies Vaccine (animals)

(2) Recombinant-­Antigen
- ­Antigen Gene -> Bacterial Cell Carrier
- ­Harvest and Inject Protein
- ­Example: Hepatitis B Vaccine

(3) DNA Vaccines
- ­Antigen Gene -> Bacterial Plasmid Carrier
- ­Inject Plasmid

28
Q

What is indigo an example of?

A

An engineered pathway

-engineered E. coli uses tryptophan to produce indigo

29
Q

Why are engineered plants easier to manipulate than animals?

A

No Separation of Germline and Somatic Cells
-­Many Plants Can Be Regenerated From A Single Cell

Plants Can Be Cultured In Vitro
-­Genetic Engineering Done In Culture

Agrobacterium tumefaciens
-­Contain Plasmids That Transfer DNA Into Plant Cells

30
Q

What are some examples of engineered plants?

A

Herbicide Resistance

  • ­Produce Resistant Enzyme
  • ­Roundup-­‐Ready™ Soybeans

Insect Resistance

  • ­Produce “Bt” Toxin
  • ­Insecticide from Bacillus thuringiensis

Flavr Savr™ Tomato Plants
-1st Commerically Grown, Genetically Engineered Food
-­FDA-­‐approved for human
consumption
-Added antisense gene to extend shelf life
-Problems: bland taste and delicate

31
Q

What are banana vaccines?

A 
Genetic Alteration
-­Contain viral DNA coding for antigen proteins
-­Stimulate antibody production
·∙
Problems
-Regulating Usage and Dosage
32
Q

What are Pollution-­Fighting Poplars?

A

Genetic Alteration

-­Contain Genes to Breakdown Pollutants

33
Q

What are some examples of engineered animals?

A

AquAdvantage™ Salmon

  • ­Fast-­‐Growing Salmon
  • Replaced Growth Hormone Promotor Sequence

EnviroPig™

  • Mouse DNA For Phytase Gene
  • ­Decreased Phosphorous Output By 70%

Healthy Fat Pigs

  • ­Gene From Roundworm (C. elegans) In Pigs
  • ­Converts Omega­‐6 to Omega-­3 Fatty Acids

BIO 425: Microbiology (22 decks)

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