Lecture 19 Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology Flashcards by Stephen McCartney

What is Industrial microbiology?

Commerical Products Produced By “Natural”

Microorganisms

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What is biotechnology?

Commerical Products from Genetically Engineered

Microorganisms

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How are industrial microbiology and biotechnology different?

Industrial Microbiology

Select For Mutant Strains
Large Scale Production
Low Price (Value)

Biotechnology

Targeted Genetic Engineering
Small Scale Production
High Price (Value)

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What are the characteristics of industrial microbes?

Produce The Substance of Interest
Rapid Growth and Production
Scalable Growth and Production
Non-Pathogenic
Amenable To Genetic Analyses

=PROFIT!

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What is the microbial growth cycle?

Lag Phase -> Exponential -> Stationary

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What are the products of industrial microbiology?

Primary Metabolites

Products of Essential Pathways
Occurs During Exponential Phase

Secondary Metabolites

Products of Non-Essential Pathways
Occurs During Stationary Phase

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What is the fermentation process of industrial microbiology?

Any Large-‐Scale Microbial Process
-Conducted in Large Vessels Called Fermentors

Processes Must Be Scalable
-Small-‐Scale Lab Trials -> Large-Scale Production

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What kinds of products are produced by industrial microbiology?

Antibiotics
Enzymes
Vitamins
Biofuels
Alcoholic Beverages

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What kinds of antibiotics are produced by industrial microbiology?

Penicillin

Penicillium chrysogenum
High-Yielding Fungus

Types of Penicillin

Natural
Biosynthetic
Semisynthetic (Most Commonly Prescribed)

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What kinds of enzymes are produced by industrial microbiology?

Exoenzymes = Microbial Enzymes Produced in Large Amounts and Excreted From The Cell

Proteases

Degrade Proteins
Used In Laundry Detergents

Amylases

Convert Starch to Glucose
Used As Animal Feed Supplements

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What kinds of vitamins are produced by industrial microbiology?

Vitamin = Vital Amine

Essential Organic Compounds
-Received From Diet

Vitamin B12

Produced Only By Microorganisms
Required By All Animals For Growth

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What are some examples of amino acids (vitamins) produced through industrial microbiology?

Glutamic Acid
-Flavor enhancer (MSG)

Aspartic Acid + Phenylalanine
-artificial sweetener

Lysine
-essential amino acid

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What’s the difference between biofuels and fossil fuels?

Biofuel

Fuels of Recent Origin
Fermentation of Plant Material
Natural Product of Green Algae

Fossil Fuels

Fuels of Ancient Origin
Extraction of Existing Stores

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What are two examples of biofuels?

Ethanol

Added to Gasoline (10%) = Gasohol
Higher % Ethanol Mix Requires Different Engines

Petroleum

Long-‐Chain Hydrocarbons
Green Alga
Botryococcus braunii (30% Cell Weight = Petroleum)

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What are the benefits and problems of ethanol+petroleum?

Benefits
-renewable+sustainable

Problems

Ethanol=more energy to make than present in biofuel
Petroleum=meeting global demand

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How is wine produced?

Grapes -> Must (juice + pomace)

Yeast Fermentation
-Wild Yeast + Cultivated Yeast

Sodium Metabisulfite (“Sulfites”)
-Kills Wild Yeast

Fermentors with CO2 Escape

What is the difference between red and white wine?

Fermentation

With Pomace (red)
Without Pomace (white)

Aging

Longer (red)
Shorter (white)

What is beer and what are the key ingredients?

Beer = Fermentation of Grain (Starch) Beverage

Key Ingredients

Malt = Germinated Barley Seeds (Convert Starch to Glucose)
Yeast = Saccharomyces cerevisiae or S. pastorianus
Convert Glucose to Ethanol + CO2

What are the key processes to making beer?

Mashing = Preparing Fermentable Liquid

Cook and Steep Malt + Corn, Rice or Wheat
Filter + Keep Aqueous Mixture (SweetWort)

Boiling Wort = Add Hops and Boil

Hops Add Bitter Flavors + Antimicrobial Properties
Filter + Keep Aqeous Mixture (Bitter Wort)

Fermentation = Add Brewer’s Yeast
-Convert Glucose to Ethanol + CO2

What types of yeast are used to produce ales vs lagers?

Ales = S. cerevisiae

top yeast
Inc. temp and Dec. ferment time

Lagers = S. pastorianus

bottom yeast
Dec. temp and Inc. ferment time

What are distilled beverages?

Malt Brews = Whiskey
Wine = Brandy
Fermented Molasses = Rum
Fermented Potatoes = Vodka
Fermented Grain/Juniper Berries = Gin

How are the commercial products produced from genetically engineered organisms?

Expressing Prokaryotic Genes In Bacteria (easy)

Expressing Eukaryotic Genes In Bacteria (difficult)

Eukaryote Genes Contain Introns
Introns Must Be Removed For Genes To Function

How is gene cloning accomplished via mRNA?

Reverse Transcriptase

mRNA to cDNA
Complementary DNA (cDNA)
Poly-A Tails

What are some example products of biotechnology?

Engineered Proteins
Engineered Vaccines
Engineered Pathways
Engineered Plants
Engineered Animals

What are engineered proteins?

engineered microbes w/ protein genes | -low abundance in tissue w/ high pharmaceutical value

What are some examples of engineered proteins?

Somatotropin - Growth hormone (dwarfism=lack somatotropin) - increases milk production in cows Rennet -Enzyme used to make cheese

What are the types of recombinant DNA vaccines?

(1) Recombinant-Vector - Antigen Gene -> Vaccinia Virus Carrier - Inject Virus into Host - Example: Rabies Vaccine (animals) (2) Recombinant-Antigen - Antigen Gene -> Bacterial Cell Carrier - Harvest and Inject Protein - Example: Hepatitis B Vaccine (3) DNA Vaccines - Antigen Gene -> Bacterial Plasmid Carrier - Inject Plasmid

What is indigo an example of?

An engineered pathway | -engineered E. coli uses tryptophan to produce indigo

Why are engineered plants easier to manipulate than animals?

No Separation of Germline and Somatic Cells -Many Plants Can Be Regenerated From A Single Cell Plants Can Be Cultured In Vitro -Genetic Engineering Done In Culture Agrobacterium tumefaciens -Contain Plasmids That Transfer DNA Into Plant Cells

What are some examples of engineered plants?

Herbicide Resistance - Produce Resistant Enzyme - Roundup-‐Ready™ Soybeans Insect Resistance - Produce “Bt” Toxin - Insecticide from Bacillus thuringiensis Flavr Savr™ Tomato Plants -1st Commerically Grown, Genetically Engineered Food -FDA-‐approved for human consumption -Added antisense gene to extend shelf life -Problems: bland taste and delicate

What are banana vaccines?

``` Genetic Alteration -Contain viral DNA coding for antigen proteins -Stimulate antibody production ·∙ Problems -Regulating Usage and Dosage ```

What are Pollution-Fighting Poplars?

Genetic Alteration | -Contain Genes to Breakdown Pollutants

What are some examples of engineered animals?

AquAdvantage™ Salmon - Fast-‐Growing Salmon - Replaced Growth Hormone Promotor Sequence EnviroPig™ - Mouse DNA For Phytase Gene - Decreased Phosphorous Output By 70% Healthy Fat Pigs - Gene From Roundworm (C. elegans) In Pigs - Converts Omega‐6 to Omega-3 Fatty Acids