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BIO 425: Microbiology > Lecture 13 - Immunology > Flashcards

Lecture 13 - Immunology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is immunity?

A 
Active Ability to Resist Disease
·∙
Identify Pathogens
·∙
Kill or Neutralize Pathogens
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2
Q

What is innate and adaptive immunity?

A 
innate = nospecific
adaptive = specific and needs activation
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3
Q

What is specificity?

A

Recognize + React With Particular Targets

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4
Q

What is memory?

A

Retain targets for Future Infections

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5
Q

What is tolerance?

A

Not Reacting with Self Targets

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6
Q

What are antigens?

A

Molecules Specific to Pathogenic Cells
·∙
Used By Immune System to Identify Pathogens

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7
Q

What are phagocytes?

A

Cells that engulf foreign particles and ingest and kill bacterial pathogens

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8
Q

What are stem cells?

A

Pluripotent Cells in Bone Marrow
·∙
Develop into Different Blood Cells

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9
Q

What are cytokines?

A

Proteins that Influence Cell Differentiation

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10
Q

What are the types of blood cells?

A

Erythrocytes (red blood cells, RBCs)

  • ­‐ Nonnucleated
  • ­‐ Carry oxygen from lungs to tissues

Leukocytes (white blood cells)

  • ­‐ Nucleated
  • ­‐ Active in immune system
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11
Q

What are the two circulatory systems?

A

Blood System

  • RBCs, WBCs, and Plasma
  • Gas Exchange, Blood Clotting

Lymph System

  • Fluid Similar to Blood, No RBCs
  • Immune Function
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12
Q

What are the cells of the immune system called? What are the types?

A

Leukocytes

Types

  • Myeloid Cells (Innate Immunity)
  • Lymphocytes (Adaptive Immunity)
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13
Q

What are the types of Myeloid cells?

A 
Monocytes
-Phagocytotic, Antigen-­‐Presenting Cells
-Example:Macrophages
·∙
Granulocytes
-Phagocytotic, Contain Inclusions (“granules”)
-­Release Enzymes and toxins
-example - MAST cells
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14
Q

What are the Types of Lymphocytes?

A 
B Cells
-­Mature in Bone Marrow
-­Interact with Antigens via Antibodies
·∙
T Cells
-­Mature in Thymus
-­Interact with Antigens via T Cells Receptors (TCRs)
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15
Q

What is innate immunity?

A
  • “In-­‐Built” Immunity ·∙
  • Noninducible ·∙
  • Nonspecific
  • No Previous Exposure Required
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16
Q

What is adaptive immunity?

A
  • Aquired immunity
  • inducible
  • specific
  • previous exposure required
17
Q

What are the signal and receptor of innate immunity?

A

Signal = PAMPs

  • Pathogen-­‐Associated Molecular Patterns
  • Surface Molecules on Pathogen Cells
  • Examples: LPS, Flagella

Receptor = PRRs

  • Pattern Recognition Receptors
  • Recognize and Interact with PAMPs
  • Present in Phagocytes
18
Q

What are the signal and receptor of adaptive immunity?

A

Signal = Antigens

  • Pathogen-­‐Associated Molecules
  • Surface Molecules on Pathogen Cells
  • Examples: Surface Proteins, Endotoxins

Receptor = Antibodies (or TCRs)

  • Soluble Proteins
  • Recognize and Bind to Antigens
  • Each Antibody Binds a Single Antigen
19
Q

What is the primary and secondary response?

A

Adaptive immune responses

Primary Response

  • Initial, Weak, Slow
  • Production of antigen reactive cells

Secondary Response

  • Secondary, Strong, Fast
  • Activation of Antigen-­‐Reactive Cells
20
Q

How are antigens processed in adaptive immunity?

A

Macrophages Engulf and Digest Pathogens
-MHC Proteins Bind and Move Antigen to Cell Surface
(Major Histocompatibility Complex)

MHC I
– Present in All Cells

MHC II
– Present Only in APCs

21
Q

What happens when the antigen is presented to T or B cells with MHC I or II?

A

T Cell = Cell-­‐Mediated Immunity
-Target and Kill Intracellular Pathogens (Infected Host Cells)

B Cell = Antibody-­‐Mediated Immunity
-Target and Kill Extracellular Pathogens or Toxins

22
Q

What kinds of T cells confer cell-,mediated immunity?

A

T-­‐Cytotoxic (TC) Cells

  • Bind MHC I
  • Recognize + Kill Infected Cells

T-­‐Helper (TH) Cells

  • ­Bind MHC II
  • ­Produce Cytokines that Activate Other Cells
23
Q

What kind of cell confers antibody-mediated immunity?

A

TH2 Cells Activate B Cells to Form Plasma Cells

Plasma Cells Produce/Release Antibodies

24
Q

What do antibodies do?

A

Bind Specifically to a Single Antigen, Resulting in:

  • ­Opsonization – Pathogen Cell Marked for Destruction
  • Complement Proteins – Pathogen Cell Lysed
  • Neutralization – Pathogen Interactions Blocked
25
Q

What are the major immunoglobulin IgG Classes?

A

IgG – Smallest, Most Common

IgM – Largest, First Produced

IgA – Secreted in Body Fluids
·∙
IgD – No Known Function

IgE – Involved in Allergic Reactions

26
Q

How is natural immunity acquired?

A

Active
-Aquired By Adaptive Immune Response to Natural Infection

Passive
Aquired By Transfer of Immune Cells or Antibodies -Example: IgG (placenta), IgA (breast milk)

27
Q

How is artificial immunity acquired?

A

Active

  • Vaccination (Immunization)
  • Induces Formation of Antibodies

Passive

  • Antiserum (Antitoxin) Injection
  • ­Direct Addition of Antibodies
28
Q

What is the difference between vaccination and antiserum?

A

Active

  • Immune Memory in Effect
  • Long-­‐Term Protection
  • Rapid Secondary Response Passive

Passive

  • No Immune Memory
  • Short-­‐Term Protection
  • No Secondary Response
29
Q

How does vaccine effectiveness vary? How do we increase effectiveness?

A

Attenuated (Live) Cells
-­More Effective, Long-­‐Lasting Immune Response
-­More Side Effects
·∙
Inactivated (Dead) Cells
-­Less Effective, Short-­‐Term Immune Response
-­Fewer Side Effects

Booster shots increase immune response

30
Q

What is an immune disease a result of? What are the different categories?

A

Hypersensitivity

  • Inappropriate Immune Response (overreaction)
  • Results in Host Damage

Categories

  • Immediate Hypersensitivity (allergy)
  • Delayed Hypersensitivity
  • Autoimmune Disease
31
Q

What is immediate hypersensitivity?

A

Antibody-­‐Mediated

Exposure to Allergen

  • Antigen That Causes Hypersensitivity
  • ­Examples: pollen, penicillin

Mechanism

  • TH2 Cells Stimulate B Cells to Produce IgE
  • IgE Binds to Mast Cells (granulocytes)
  • Mast Cells Release Histamine and Serotonin
  • ­Causes Vasodilation, Respiratory Stress
32
Q

What is delayed hypersensitivity

A

Cell-Mediated

Exposure to Allergen

  • ­Chemicals That Bind to Skin Proteins
  • Examples: Poison Ivy, M. tuberculosis

TH1 Cells Initiate Inflammation

  • ­Reddening, Swelling and Blisters
  • ­Localize Tissue Damage
33
Q

What is autoimmune disease

A

Autoantibody-­‐Mediated

  • Antibodies Interact with Self Antigens
  • Results in Destruction of Healthy Host Cells
  • Immunosuppresive Therapy
  • Example: Type 1 (Juvenile) Diabetes
34
Q

What are superantigens

A

Cause Overactivation of T Cells

  • Type of Exotoxin
  • Produced by Bacteria and Viruses

Bind Multiple Types of TCRs

  • Results in a Strong Immune Response
  • Widespread Inflammation, Fever, Vomiting

BIO 425: Microbiology (22 decks)

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