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BIO 425: Microbiology > Lecture 16 - Vector and Soilborne Diseases > Flashcards

Lecture 16 - Vector and Soilborne Diseases Flashcards

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1
Q

When a vector transmits a disease from a non-human reservoir to a human, why is it rare for that newly infected human to transmit the disease to another human?

A

The pathogen reservoir not designed to be humans so usually dead-end host.

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2
Q

What are characteristics of soilborne diseases?

A

Usually fungal and bacterial pathogens

-can’t be eliminated because of unlimited reservoir

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3
Q

What is the Pathogen, Reservoir, and Transmission of Rabies?

A

Pathogen
-Rhabdovirus

Reservoir
-Domestic and Wild animals

Transmission
-infected animal bite

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4
Q

What is the Epidemiology and Pathology of rabies?

A

Epidemiology
-Virus in animal saliva

Pathology
-Proliferates in the brain

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5
Q

What are the symptoms and Diagnosis of rabies?

A
  • excitation, anxiety, pupil dilation
  • lab analaysis for negri bodies
  • wild vs domestic animals
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6
Q

What is the treatment for rabies?

A

Passive Immunization
-rabies antiserum

Active Immunization
-Rabies vaccine

Combined almost 100 percent effective, early diagnosis is key

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7
Q

How do we prevent rabies?

A

Humans
-immunization of high risk individuals

Domestic Animals
-immunization

Wild Animals
-injected oral vaccines

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8
Q

What is the Pathogen, Reservoir, and Transmission of Hantavirus?

A

Pathogen
-Hantaviruses

Reservoir
-Rodents

Transmission

  • infected animal feces
  • feces dries out and goes airborne
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9
Q

What is the Epidemiology and Pathology of Hantavirus?

A
  • Inhalation of fecal dust from infected animals
  • Proliferates in the human body
  • In US, low incidence but high mortality
  • Outside of US, high incidence but low mortality
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10
Q

What are the symptoms and Diagnosis of Hantavirus?

A
  • fever, muscle pain
  • thrombocytopenia=decrease in blood platelets
  • leukocytosis=increase in leukocytes

Can use lab tests
-cultures, ELISA, PCR

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11
Q

What is the treatment for Hantavirus?

A

No treatment or vaccines available

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12
Q

What are the biosafety level 4 pathogens?

A

Hantaviruses
Filoviruses like Ebola

VERY DANGEROUS

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13
Q

What kind of pathogen is ebola?

A

Genus Ebolavirus, family Filoviridae

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14
Q

What is the most deadly and most common species of ebola?

A

Zaire ebolavirus

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15
Q

How is ebola transmitted?

A

Natural reservoir thought to be fruit bats

Bat passes it to non-human primate
Human consumes non-human primate
Human to Human transmission

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16
Q

How is ebola transmitted via human-to-human?

A

Direct contact w/

  1. Blood/body fluids of infected
  2. Objects contaminated w/ blood/body fluids

Virus enters via broken skin or mucous membranes

17
Q

Who are the high risk groups for contracting ebola?

A

Healthcare workers

Family/friends of infected

18
Q

What are the symptoms of ebola?

A

Early symptoms similar to other commons diseases

Days 8-12= vomiting blood, brain damage, bleeding from orifices, organ failure, death

19
Q

What diagnostic tests are available for ebola? How do we determine who to test?

A

Diagnostic Tests
-PCR, ELISA, Virus isolation

Symptoms + Exposure risk determines who to test

20
Q

What are the treatment options for ebola?

A

None available
-recovery depends on immune response

Can maintain hydration and oxygen levels and treat secondary infections

21
Q

How do we prevent ebola?

A

No vaccine available

Monitor and contain outbreaks

22
Q

What is the Pathogen, Reservoir, and Transmission of Lyme Disease?

A

Pathogen
-Borrelia borgdorferi

Reservoir
-Mammals, mainly rodents

Transmission
-Vector, ticks

23
Q

What is the epidemiology and pathology of lyme disease?

A

Untreated, disease reaches CNS

No toxins or virulence factors known

24
Q

What are the symptoms and diagnosis for lyme disease?

A

Symptoms

  • acute stage=rash, headache, chills, fatigue
  • chronic stage=arthritis, neurological and heart damage

Diagnosis

  • symptoms+tick exposure+rash
  • ELISA, western blot, PCR
25
Q

What is the treatment and prevention for lyme disease?

A

Treatment

  • Antibiotics
  • Vaccine

Prevention

  • Reduce exposure to ticks
  • Insect repellant, clothing
  • removing attahed ticks
26
Q

What is the pathoge, reservoir, vector for plague?

A

Pathogen
-Yersinia pestis

Reservoir
-rodents

Vector
-fleas

27
Q

What is the epidemiology and pathology for plague?

A

Lymph node swelling = buboes

Septicemia

28
Q

What is septicemia and bacteremia?

A

Septicemia=toxins in blood stream

Bacteremia=bacteria in blood stream

29
Q

What are the types of plague?

A

Slyvatic
-rat to rat using flea vector

Bubonic
-rat flea to human using flea vector

Pneumonic
-direct inhalation

Septicemic
-no buboes

30
Q

What is the treatment for plague?

A

Bubonic
-antibiotics in early stage

Pneumonic
-rapid disease progression, 90%morality

Septicemic
-no symptoms, death occurs before diagnosis

31
Q

How do we prevent plague?

A

control animal reservoirs, vectors and human contact

plague infected animals must be destroyed

BIO 425: Microbiology (22 decks)

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