Lecture 4 - Environmental and Nutritional Disease

Question 1

Effects of Carboxyhemoglobin

Answer 1

• higher affinity for CO than O2 = doesn’t exchange oxygen as well = hypoxia
• chronically (develops over time) = hypoxic events in CNS
• acutely (sudden) = death; cherry red discoloration

Question 2

Bioaerosals

Answer 2

-Bio = live (microogranisms); Aerosols = can be inhaled from air
Ex. common cold, Legionnaires disease (severe form of pneumonia)

Question 3

Most common site of lead absorption

Answer 3

• 80-85% in bone and developing teeth (bone density causes increased)
• 5-10% in blood
• remainder in soft tissue

Question 4

Thimerosal

Answer 4

used to be the preservation in some vaccines, contains ethyl mercury which targets the CNS and causes cerebral palsy, deafness, and blindness

Question 5

Chloracne

Answer 5

• caused by Dioxins and PCB’s

- Characterized by acne, cyst formation, hyperpigmentation and hyperkeratosis (skin produces more keratin - ex. wart)

Question 6

Harmful Substances in Tobacco

Answer 6

• Tar (c)
• Polycyclin aromatic hydrocarbons (c)
• phenol (tumor promotion, MI)
• benzopryene (c)
• carbon monoxide (impaired O2 transport)
• formaldhyde (toxic to cilia, MI)
• oxides of Nitrogen (toxic to cilia, MI)
• nitrosamine (c)
• nicotine (addictive)

*C=carcinogen, MI = mucosal irritation

Question 7

Effects of Chronic Alcoholism

Answer 7

• liver: main site of injury because it detoxes the body; assoicated with alcohol hepatitis, cirrhosis
• massive bleeding in GI tract (gastritis, ulcers, varices)
• thiamine deficiency (we see less of this now)
• cardiovascular system = alcoholic cardiomyopathy, increase HDL’s and incidence of HTN
• increase risk of pancreatitis
• incrase risk of cancer
• Fetal alcohol syndrome in pregnant women

Question 8

abrasion

Answer 8

scraping/rubbing, removing superficial layer (minor)

Question 9

contusion

Answer 9

bruise (hematoma develops under skin), no rupture of skin

Question 10

laceration

Answer 10

tear from blunt impact (splits skin jaggedly)

Question 11

incision

Answer 11

sharp force makes smooth cut (scalpel/blade)

Question 12

puncture

Answer 12

pointed, long narrow force (Stabbing)

• penetrating = pierces tissue
• perforating = goes all the way through, exit wound

Question 13

First degree burn

Answer 13

burn effects epithelial involvement; redness (regeneration)

Question 14

Second degree burn

Answer 14

burn effects epithelium and superficial dermis; blisters (regeneration)

Question 15

Third degree burn

Answer 15

burn involves subcutaneous tissue

Question 16

Fourth degree burn

Answer 16

burn reaches muscle/bone