Lecture 18 - Pathology of the Male Genital Tract and Breast Flashcards
Cryptorchism
- “crypt” = hidden -> Hidden testicle
- failure of testicular decscent from abdominal/pelvic cavity into the scrotum
- increases risk of infertility and malignancy
Testicular Neoplasms
- less common neoplasms in men
- peak incidence at age 20-34 (younger than more common neoplasms)
Types: Seminomas and Non-seminoma
Seminomas
- most common
- malignant tumor from germ cell line
- has demarcated grey-white mass appearance (due to lymphoid infultrate)
- peak incidence at age 40
- usually present as painless enlargments
- usually remain confined to testicle for prolonged periods
- metastasis occurs mostly to regional lymph nodes
- hematogenous spread usually occurs late in disease
- responsive to chemotherapeutic agents
Non-seminoma
- tend to metastasize sooner
- more aggressive, doesnt respond as well to chemotherapy
- overall have a worse prognosis
Nodular Hyperplasia of Prostate
- region of gland affected
- clinical symptoms
- benign prostatic hypertrophy
- hyperplasia (whole prostate increases) of gladular and stronal components
Region of gland affected: arises in inner transitional and central zones more frequently. These are the areas that become hyperplastic
Clinical Symptoms: caused by the fact that the urethra runs through the middle of the prostate and pinches it from hyperplasia. Lower urinary tract obstruction with frequency, urinary urgency, nocturia, and sometimes increased likelihood of infections
Carcinoma of the Prostate
- region of gland affected
- PIN
- most common visceral malignancy in males
Region of gland affected: mostly in the outer zones of prostate (less likely to cause obstruction that BPH)
PIN-prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia: precursor lesion that may develope into cancer, carcinoma of the prostate; often found with the cancer
Hypospadias
- congenital malformation
- abnormality of the location of the distal urethra orifice
- urethral opening is located abnormally on ventral surface
- more common defect
- 1 in 250 live births
- may cause obstruction
Episadias
- conenital malformation
- abnormality of the location of the distal urethra orifice
- urethral orifice is located abnormally on the dorsal surface
- may cause obstruction
Tumors of the Penis
- most common malignancy
- Bowen’s Disease
most common malignancy - 95% are squamous cell carcinoma
Bowen’s Disease - indicates in-situ disease; tumor has not invaded the basement membrane; does not metastisize to lymph nodes
Epithelial Hyperplasia of Breast
- proliferative fibrocystic changes
Orderly Hyperplasias- epitheluim is increased but maintains normal geography and cellular appearance. Slight increase in developing breast cancer (1.5 - 2 times)
Atypical Hyperplasias- abnormal architecture and altered cytology of the cells. Found in the ducts and lobules of the breast. Significantly increase in developing breast cancer (5 times).
Fibroadenoma
- most common benign neoplasm of breast
- hormonally responsive = enlarge with menstral cycle and during pregnancy
- well cicumscribed, usually solitary and discrete
Breast Carcinoma: Non-invasive
- has not invaded basement membrane into fat
- In-situ = confined to the duct/lobule involved
- Ductal carcinonma in-situ
- Lobular carcinoma in-situ
Breast Carcinoma: Invasive
- invades out of ducts/lobules through basement membrane into the fat
- Invasive Ductal Carcinoma
- Invasive Lobular Carcinoma
Less common: - Medullary Carcinoma
- Colloid Carcinoma (mucinous) - better prognosis
- Tubular Carcinoma - better prognosis
Breast Carcinoma: Pagets Disease
- a complication fo Ductal carcinoma in-situ in which cancer cells progress into lactiferous ducts and skin of nipple (therefore, still confined to duct = not invasive)
