Lecture 1 - Cellular Injury

Question 1

Hypertrophy

Answer 1

increase in size of cells due to components of cell enlarging. Often occurs in organs incapable of dividing.

Physiologic (natural) = increase muscle/tissue
Pathologic = due to disease

Question 2

Hyperplasia

Answer 2

increase in number of cells due to increase in number of components in the cell.

Physiologic = hormonal or compensatory (in response to other organ w. hyperplasia)

Pathologic = hormonal or growth factor stimulation

Question 3

Atrophy

Answer 3

shrinkage of cells and ultimately organs.

Physiologic = ex. Thymus large at childhood, shrinks in 20s; Ovaries after menopause.

Pathologic = ex. adrenals due to steroids, limbs that lose nerve function or damage to tissue

Question 4

Metaplasia

Answer 4

Replacement of one cell type by a different cell type. A reversible process, can be protective, but can initiate more sever changes.

Ex. Rubbing inside of cheek = scabbed (skin cell)
Esophagus due to re-flux = intestinal metaplasia

Question 5

Coagulative Necrosis

Answer 5

Architecture of tissue preserved, no shrinkage, tissue stiffens. Common in infarcts (dead tissue due to failure of blood supply).

Question 6

Liquefactive Necrosis

Answer 6

dissolution of tissue due to microbes/infections agents. Hypoxic (lack of oxygen) changes in CNS tissue.

Question 7

Gangrenous Necrosis

Answer 7

Clinical term for ischemic damage (restriction of blood supply to tissue). Can be dry or wet (when accompanied by liquifaction).

Ex. Gangrene common in diabetics with atherosclerosis cutting of circulation to legs.

Question 8

Fat Necrosis

Answer 8

Occurs in fatty tissue, evidenced by saponification (chalky solidification).

ex. Women may think its a tumor but is just fat necrosis.

Question 9

Apoptosis

Answer 9

“suicide program”. Plasma membrane remains intact, does not elicit inflammatory response, doesn’t require WBC to clean up mess (this is all unlike necrosis).

Question 10

Physiological examples of Apoptosis

Answer 10

• Embryogenesis (viteline duct)
• involution of tissues (menstruation of endometrium)
• proliferating tissues (skin)
• death of cells on completion of their function

Question 11

Pathological examples of Apoptosis

Answer 11

• elimination of viral infected or neoplastic cells (virus)
• elimination of self-reactive lymphocytes (autoimmune disease)
• DNA damaged cells (sun exposure = skin cancer)
• pathologic atrophy

Question 12

Pigments

Answer 12

• an abnormal accumulation in the cell via

Exogenous (outside the body) = ex. Carbon dust inhaled = anthracosis (black pigment)

Endogenous (produced inside the body). Ex:

• Lipofucin = “wear & tear” pigment naturally occurs w. aging.
• Melanin = skin pigmentation
• Hemosiderin = tissue experience bleeding
• Bilirubin = jaundice