Lecture 13 - Respiratory Diseases Flashcards
Atelectasis
- “collapse of lung tissue”
- Resorption atelectasis
- Compression atelectasis
- Contraction atelectasis
Resorption atelectasis
- due to obstruction (most commonly = mucous plugging)
Compression atelectasis
- pressure from pleural cavities due to: pneumothorax, pleural effusions, hemothorax
Contraction atelecatsis
- due to scarring from chronic injury
Pathological name for ARDS
ARDS = acute respiratory distress syndrome
- Diffuse Alveolar Damage (DAD)
4 diseases of COPD - chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
- Chronic Bronchitis
- Emphysema
- Asthma
- Bronchietasis
- Chronic Bronchitis
- chronic inflammation of airways and mucous gland hyperplasia due to inhalation of toxins
- Emphysema
- abnormal permanent enlargement of airspaces distal to the terminal bronchiole with destruction of their walls
- Asthma
- an episodic chronic inflammatory disorder that triggers hyper-response of airways = vasospasm
- Bronchiectasis
- permanent dilatation of bronchi and bronchioles caused by other lung problems (secondary condition)
Pneumoconiosis
- restrictive lung disease, fibrosing type
Two types: Pulmonary anthracosis and asbestos
Pulmonary anthracosis
- simple accumulation of pigment that was commonly seen in coal workers as “black lung”
Asbestosis
- diffuse pulmonary interstitial fibrosis
- most common problem of exposure = localized pleural plaques
Mesothelioma
- malgnant tumor of pleura (lungs) seen in asbestos
Pneumonia
- most commonly aquired by Streptococcus pneumoniae
- Two patterns = Lobar and Bronchopneumonia
Lobar pneumonia
- effects entire lobe of lung
- most common
Bronchopneumonia
- foci of inflammatory consolidation through lung
- can be caused by more than just Strep
- starts as bronchitis and develops into multiple small foci
Tuberculosis
- chronic pneumonia
- infection by Myobacterium tuberculosis (most commonly in lung)
- microorganism settles and causes casseous necrosis forming a tubercle
- a collection of tubercles = Ghon focus
- body takes microorganism to lymph node in an attempt to get rid of it infecting regional lymph node
- Ghon focus + infected region lymph nodes = Ghon complex
Bronchogenic carcinoma (4 major types)
- Non- small cell types: Adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, large cell carcinoma
- Small cell type: Small cell carcinoma
Distinguishing feature of small cell
- centrally located
- arise from neuroendocrine cells
- often present multiple tumors with accelerated rate of growth and metastasize by time of diagnosis
pleural effusion
- fluid in pleural cavities
- problems in edema
- heavy enough to press of lungs =compression atelectasis
Pneumothorax
- air in pleural sac
- Causes: emphysema (blebs), lesions near pleural surface, abscess, tumors, TB, rib fracture
Hemothorax
- blood in pleural sac
- due to, most commonly, a ruptured intrathoracic aortic aneurysm
Chylothorax
- lymphatic fluid fills pleura sac
- usually results when major lymph ducts are obstructed by intrathoracic cancers
