Lecture 13 - Respiratory Diseases

Question 1

Atelectasis

Answer 1

• “collapse of lung tissue”
• Resorption atelectasis
• Compression atelectasis
• Contraction atelectasis

Question 2

Resorption atelectasis

Answer 2

• due to obstruction (most commonly = mucous plugging)

Question 3

Compression atelectasis

Answer 3

• pressure from pleural cavities due to: pneumothorax, pleural effusions, hemothorax

Question 4

Contraction atelecatsis

Answer 4

• due to scarring from chronic injury

Question 5

Pathological name for ARDS

Answer 5

ARDS = acute respiratory distress syndrome

- Diffuse Alveolar Damage (DAD)

Question 6

4 diseases of COPD - chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Answer 6

1. Chronic Bronchitis
2. Emphysema
3. Asthma
4. Bronchietasis

Question 7

1. Chronic Bronchitis

Answer 7

• chronic inflammation of airways and mucous gland hyperplasia due to inhalation of toxins

Question 8

2. Emphysema

Answer 8

• abnormal permanent enlargement of airspaces distal to the terminal bronchiole with destruction of their walls

Question 9

3. Asthma

Answer 9

• an episodic chronic inflammatory disorder that triggers hyper-response of airways = vasospasm

Question 10

4. Bronchiectasis

Answer 10

• permanent dilatation of bronchi and bronchioles caused by other lung problems (secondary condition)

Question 11

Pneumoconiosis

Answer 11

• restrictive lung disease, fibrosing type

Two types: Pulmonary anthracosis and asbestos

Question 12

Pulmonary anthracosis

Answer 12

• simple accumulation of pigment that was commonly seen in coal workers as “black lung”

Question 13

Asbestosis

Answer 13

• diffuse pulmonary interstitial fibrosis

- most common problem of exposure = localized pleural plaques

Question 14

Mesothelioma

Answer 14

• malgnant tumor of pleura (lungs) seen in asbestos

Question 15

Pneumonia

Answer 15

• most commonly aquired by Streptococcus pneumoniae

- Two patterns = Lobar and Bronchopneumonia

Question 16

Lobar pneumonia

Answer 16

• effects entire lobe of lung

- most common

Question 17

Bronchopneumonia

Answer 17

• foci of inflammatory consolidation through lung
• can be caused by more than just Strep
• starts as bronchitis and develops into multiple small foci

Question 18

Tuberculosis

Answer 18

• chronic pneumonia
• infection by Myobacterium tuberculosis (most commonly in lung)
• microorganism settles and causes casseous necrosis forming a tubercle
• a collection of tubercles = Ghon focus
• body takes microorganism to lymph node in an attempt to get rid of it infecting regional lymph node
• Ghon focus + infected region lymph nodes = Ghon complex

Question 19

Bronchogenic carcinoma (4 major types)

Answer 19

• Non- small cell types: Adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, large cell carcinoma
• Small cell type: Small cell carcinoma

Question 20

Distinguishing feature of small cell

Answer 20

• centrally located
• arise from neuroendocrine cells
• often present multiple tumors with accelerated rate of growth and metastasize by time of diagnosis

Question 21

pleural effusion

Answer 21

• fluid in pleural cavities
• problems in edema
• heavy enough to press of lungs =compression atelectasis

Question 22

Pneumothorax

Answer 22

• air in pleural sac

- Causes: emphysema (blebs), lesions near pleural surface, abscess, tumors, TB, rib fracture

Question 23

Hemothorax

Answer 23

• blood in pleural sac

- due to, most commonly, a ruptured intrathoracic aortic aneurysm

Question 24

Chylothorax

Answer 24

• lymphatic fluid fills pleura sac

- usually results when major lymph ducts are obstructed by intrathoracic cancers