Lecture 12 - Hematopoietic / Lymphoid Disease

Question 1

Anemia

Answer 1

• decrease in oxygen carrying capacity of the blood due to: blood loss, hemolysis, or decrease in RBC production

Question 2

Hereditary Spherocytosis

Answer 2

• type of hemolytic anemia
• intrinsic defect
• autosomal dominant disease that codes for a defect in RBC membrane

Question 3

Sickle Cell Disease

Answer 3

• type of hemolytic anemia
• intrinsic defect
• hemoglobinopathy = genetic defect that codes for abnormal hemoglobin (Hgb S)
• Hgb S crystalizes with deoxygenation causing sickling of cells
• initally reversible but eventually damages membranes

Question 4

Erythroblastosis fetalis (Rh disease)

Answer 4

• type of hemolytic anemia
• extrinsic defect
• incompatibility of fetal and maternal cells
• Rh - mother creates antibodies agains Rh + fetus due to Antigen D
• second child at risk

Question 5

Pernicious Anemia

Answer 5

• type of megaloblastic anemia
• causes a decrease in RBC production due to a Vitamin B12 deficiency
• B12 def: Most commonly caused by mal absorbtion due to autoimmune reaction against GI cells

Question 6

Aplastic Anemia

Answer 6

• supression of stem cells in bone marrow leading to pancytopenia
• caused by: most idiopathic myelotoxic drugs / agents (therapeutic drugs), or post viral states

Question 7

Leukopenia vs. Leukocytosis

- Leukopenia

Answer 7

• decrease in circulating WBC (granulocytes). Due to decreased production of immune mediated destruction

Question 8

Leukopenia vs. Leukocytosis

- Leukocytosis

Answer 8

• increase in circulating WBC = reactive condition due to inflammations. Neoplastic leukocytosis = leukemia.

Question 9

Chronic myelogenous disorders

Answer 9

• hyperproliferation of neoplastic cells that can differentiate
  2 types: Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia & Polycythemia Vera

Question 10

Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia vs. Polycythemia Vera

-Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia

Answer 10

• neoplastic leukocytosis of immature cells (slightly past blast stage)
• associated with genetic defect (Philidelphia chromosome)
• slow onset - fatigue, weakness, weight loss, then esculates

Question 11

Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia vs. Polycythemia Vera

-Polycythemia Vera

Answer 11

• proliferation of all cell lines = panmyelosis
• increase in RBC = thickens blood (increased viscosity), slows circulation, and increases risk for clots (thrombosis) and thus infarctions

Question 12

Lymphadenopathy

Answer 12

• enlarged lymphnodes (active) due to increase in reactive lymphocytes
• appears in reactive lymphoid tissues

Question 13

Hodgkins (Disease) Lymphoma

Answer 13

• type of B-Cell lymphoma (lymphoid neoplasias)
• starts in one node and spreads from one to another
• contain characterisitc cells = Reed-Sternberg cells

Question 14

Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma

Answer 14

• type of B or T cell lymphoma (malignant proliferation of lymphocytes)
• large / broad category of lymphoma
• all lymphocytes are derived from one parent cell = Monoclonal
• Complex classification requires grading scheme

Question 15

Multiple myeloma

Answer 15

• disseminated bone disease
• type of plasma cell neoplasm (cancer of plasma cells)
• collection of plasma cells that accumulate in bone marrow and interference with production of normal blood cells

Question 16

Mycosis fungoides

Answer 16

• malignant T cell lyphoma in the skin

- type of cutaneous t-cell lymphoma

Question 17

Thrombocytopenia

Answer 17

• bleeding disorder which results in abnormally low platelet count
• lead to spontaneous bleeding
• Causes:
• • disease of bone marrow
• • drug reactions
• • hypersplenism (platelets accumulate in spleen)
• • decreased survival of platelets (due to immunologic destruction or disseminated intravascular coagunlation - DIC)