Lecture 4 & chp4 Flashcards
What is a Prokaryote?
cells that share certain rRNA sequences
What is a eukaryote?
cell having DNA inside a distinct membrane-enclosed nucleus
What does DORA stand for?
DNA, Organelles, Reproduction, Average size
DORA Prokaryote
D:
- naked
- circular
- usually no introns
O:
- no nucleus
- not membrane bound
- 70S ribosomes
R
- binary fission
- single chromosome
(haploid)
A:
smaller (~1-5μm)
DORA eukaryote
D:
- bound to protein
- linear
- usually has introns
O:
- has a nucleus
- membrane bound
- 80S ribosones
R:
- mitosis & meiosis
- chromosomes paired
(diploid or more)
A:
Larger (~10-100μm)
What are Cocci
spherical or roughly spherical bacterium
What are diplococci
cocci that divide and remain attached in pairs
What are strepococci
cocci that remain attached in chains after cell division
What are tetrads
group of cocci
What are sarcinae
group of 8 bacteria that remain in packet after dividing
What are staphylococci
grape-like cluster or broad sheet
WHat are diplobacilli
rods that divide and remain attached in pairs
What are streptobacilli
rods that remain attached in chains after cell division
What is Glycocalyx
gelatinous polymer surrounding a cell
- composed of polysaccharide, polypeptide, or both
What are the two types of glycolyx
capsule: neatly organized, firmly attached
slime layer: unorganized and loose
What is a Flagella
thin appendage from the surface of the cell
- used for cellular locomotion
What are Archaella
like flagella but thinner, more solid
What are Axial filaments
structure for motility found in spirochetes
What are Fimbriae and Pili
- hairlike appendages that allow for attachment
- involved in motility
Gram-Positive vs Gram-Negative cell walls
cell walls:
+: layers of petidoglycan
-: thin layer peptidoglycan
What are Gram-Neg cell walls made of?
lippopolysaccharide
What are Atypical cell walls?
acid-fast cell walls
waxy lipid bound to peptidoglycan
What is the plasma membrane?
phospholipid bilayer encloses cytoplasm
selectively permeable
contain enzymes for atp production
Passive vs Active process
p: high to low concentration; no energy needed
a: low to high concentration; energy needed
What is cytoplasm?
substance inside plasma membrane; cytoskeleton
What is the nucleoid?
irregular shaped region that contains the DNA
What are ribosomes?
sites of protein synthesis; made of protein and rRNA
What are endospores?
resting cells; produced when nutrients are depleted
What is the nucleus?
nuclear envelope contains cells DNA
What is Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)?
- produces proteins for rest of cell to function
folded transport network
Rough ER vs Smooth ER
r: studded w/ ribosomes; sites of protein synthesis
s: no ribosomes; synthesizes cell membranes, fats & hormones
What is the golgi complex?
- package protein into vesicles
transport organelle; modifies proteins from ER
transports modified proteins via secretory vesicles
What are lysosomes?
vesicles formed in golgi complex; contain digestive enzymes
What are vacuoles?
bring food into cells, excrete waste
What are mitochondria?
double membrane; involved in ATP production
What are chloroplasts?
locations of photosynthesis
What are peroxisomes?
oxidize fatty acids; destroy
What are centrosomes?
networks of protein & centrioles; critical role in cell division
What is the endosymbiotic theory?
large bacteria cells engulfed small bacterial cells, developing the first eukaryotes
