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MICR 130 > Lecture 10: Classification of Microorganisms > Flashcards

Lecture 10: Classification of Microorganisms Flashcards

1
Q

What is Taxonomy?

A

science of classifying organisms

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2
Q

What is systematics, or phylogeny?

A

study of evolutionary history of organisms

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3
Q

What did Linnaeus do in 1735?

A

founded the two kingdoms Plantae and Animalia

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4
Q

What did Murray do in 1968?

A

founded the kingdom Prokarotae

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5
Q

What did Whittaker do in 1969?

A

founded 5 kingdom system

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6
Q

Who founded the 3 domain system?

A

Woese in 1978

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7
Q

How did Eukaryotes originate?

A

from infoldings or prokaryotic plasma membranes

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8
Q

What are the three domains?

A

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

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9
Q

Eukaryotic cells: DNA, Histones, First amino acid in protein synthesis, ribosomes, growth

A

dna: linear
histones: yes
first amino acid: methionine
ribosomes: 80S
growth: mitosis

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10
Q

Prokaryotic cells: DNA, Histones, First amino acid in protein synthesis, ribosomes, growth

A

dna: one circular; some two circualr; some linear
histones: in archaea
first amino acid: formylmethionine (bacteria) methionine (archaea)
ribosomes: 70s
growth: binary fission

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11
Q

What is Binomial Nomenclature? What does it consist of?

A

used to consistently and accurately name organisms
- genus
- specific epithet
- always italicized

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12
Q

What is the Taxonomic Hierarchy?

A

series of subdivisions developed by Linnaeus to classify plants and animals

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13
Q

What is the eukaryotic species?

A

group of closely related organisms that breed among themselves

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14
Q

What is the prokaryotic species?

A

population of cells with similar characteristics

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15
Q

What are 3 different ways cells are grown?

A

culture - bacteria grown in lab media
clone - population of cells derived fro a single parent cell
strain - genetically different cells within a clone

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16
Q

What are the different classifications of eukaryotes? define them.

A

protista - catchall kingdom for variety of organisms
fungi - chemoheterotrophic; uni/multicellular; cells walls of chitin; develop from spores or hyphal fragments
plantae - multicellular; cellulose cell walls; undergo photosynthesis
animalia - multicellular; no cell walls; chemoheterotrophic

17
Q

How are viruses classified?

A
  • not part of any domain
18
Q

What is a viral species?

A

population of viruses w/ similar characteristics that occupies a particular ecological niche

19
Q

Classification vs Identification

A

placing organisms in groups of related species
- matching characteristics of unknown organisms to lists of known organisms

20
Q

Are gram staining and acid-fast staining useful for bacteria without cell walls?

21
Q

What are biochemical tests?

A

determine presence of bacterial enzymes

22
Q

What are rapid identification methods?

A

perform several biochemical tests simultaneously

23
Q

What is an automated rapid identification system?

A

cellular proteins are detected by mass spetrophotometry create a spectrum that can be compared to a database

24
Q

What is serology?

A

science that studies serum and immune responses

25
Q

What is an antiserum?

A

solution of antibodies is tested against an unknown bacterium

26
Q

What is a slide agglutination test?

A

bacteria agglutinate when mixed with antibodies produced in response to bacteria

27
Q

What is serological testing

A

can differentiate between species and strains within species

28
Q

What is enzyme linker immunosorbent assay (ELISA)?

A

known antibodies and an unknown type of bacterium are added to a well; reaction identifies bacteria

29
Q

What is western blotting?

A

identifies antibodies in a patients serum; confirms hiv & lyme disease

30
Q

What is phage typing?

A

test for determining which phages a bacterium is susceptible to

31
Q

Define Flow Cytometry

A

uses differences in electrical conductivity between species and fluorescence

32
Q

When is Flow cytometry used?

A

used to identify bacteria without culturing bacteria

33
Q

What is DNA base composition?

A

the moles-percentage of guanine plus cytosine in an organisms DNA

34
Q

What is DNA fingerprinting?

A

analysis of DNA by electrophoresis of restriction enzyme fragments of the DNA

35
Q

What is nucleic acid hybridization?

A

process of combining single complementary strands of DNA

36
Q

What is the process of nucleic acid hybridization?

A

1) heat to separate strands
2) combine single strands of dna
3) cool to allow renaturation of double stranded dna
4) determine degree of hybridization

37
Q

What are dichotomous keys?

A

identification keys based on successive questions

38
Q

Wha are cladograms?

A

maps that show evolutionary relationships among organisms; base don rRNA sequences

MICR 130 (12 decks)

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