L1 CHP 1 - microbial world and you Flashcards
Who reported that “living things are composed of little boxes, or cells?” What did this mark the beginning of?
Robert Hooke, 1665, marked the beginning of cell theory
Who observed the first microbe? When was it discovered?
Leeuwenhock, mid 1600s, “animalcules”
What is spontaneous generation?
the hypothesis that life arises from nonliving matter; a “vital force” is necessary for life
What is Biogenesis?
the hypothesis that living cells arise only from pre-existing living cells
When and What did Redi experiment and prove?
In 1668 Redi filled jars w/ decaying meat to prove life did not rise from nonlife
Who tried to experiment and support spontaneous generation?
In 1765 Spallanzani boiled nutrient solutions in a sealed flask, no growth of microbes
Who proved that microorganisms can be present in non living matter?
Louis Pasteur
When did Pasteur prove his theory?
1861
What did Pasteur provide/demonstrate/prove?
- Proved that microorganisms can be present in nonliving matter
- microbial life can be destroyed through heat
- microbes are responsible for food spoilage
- provides the basis for aseptic techniques
How long did the golden age of microbiology last?
1874-1914
What is Fermentation?
Microbial conversion of sugar to alcohol in the absence of air
Define “pasteurization”
application of a high heat for a short amount of time to kill harmful bacteria
What is the “germ theory of disease?”
The principle that microorganisms cause disease
When was the germ theory of disease first proved?
1835, when Bassi showed that a silkworm disease was caused by a fungus
How did pasteur show that microorganisms cause disease?
In 1865, Showed that another silkworm disease was caused by protozoa
What did Ignaz Semmelweis do?
1840s, Advocated hand washing to prevent transmission of puerperal fever from one to another
Who produced the first vaccine?
Edward Jenner
When and how did Jenner create a vaccine?
inoculated a person with cowpox virus, who was then immune to smallpox
What is chemotherapy?
treatment of disease with chemicals
What are synthetic drugs used for?
to treat infectious disease
What are antibiotics?
chemicals produced by bacteria and fungi that inhibit or kill other microbes
Who and when was the first antibiotic discovered?
1928, Alexander Fleming
How did Fleming discover the first antibiotic?
observed that Penicillium fungus made an antiobiotic called peniccilin, that killed S. auereus (staph)
What are some problems with Antimicrobial chemicals?
- overuse leads to resistance
- some can be toxic to humans
What is bacteriology?
the study of bacteria
Define Mycology
study of fungi
Define parasitology
study of protozoa and parasitic worms
What is Immunology?
Study of the immune system/ study of immunity
Define Virology
study of viruses
What is Microbial ecology?
the study of the relationship between microorganisms and their environment
What is bioremediation?
Bacteria degrade or detoxify pollutants such as oil and mecury
What are normal microbiota?
microbes normally present in and on the human body
What do Normal Microbiota do?
- prevent growth of pathogens
- produce growth factors such as vitamins B and K
What is resistance?
the ability of the body to ward off disease
What are biofilms?
microbial community that usually forms as a slimy layer on a surface
What does EID stand for?
Emerging Infectious Diseases
What does EID mean?
new diseases and diseases increasing in incidence
What is the Zika virus?
Discovered in 1947, epidemics in micronesia 07, french polynesia and brazil ‘13-‘15
How was the zika virus spread?
infected aedes mosquitos, also sexual contact
Who developed the classification of microbes?
Carl Woese, 1978
what does the latin word vacca in vaccination mean?
cow
What is microbial ecology?
study of the relationship between microorganisms and the environment
