Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MICR 130 > Lecture 2 + Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 2 + Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is chemistry?

A

The study of interactions between atoms and molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the smallest unit of matter? Can it be subdivided into smaller substabnces

A
  • atom, no
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are molecules?

A

combinations of atoms forming chemical compund

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are atoms composed of?

A

electrons
protons
neutrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the atomic mass?

A

total # of protons and neutron in an atom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are isotopes?

A

atoms w/ different # of neutrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the elements of life?

A

hydrogen
- carbon
- nitrogen
- oxygen
- sodium
- magnesium
- phosphorus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How many electrons can the innermost shell hold?

A

2 electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How many electrons can the second (and possibly third) electron shell hold?

A

2nd holds up to 8, 3rd can hold up to eight if it is the last/outtermost shell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How many electrons can the 4th, 5th, and 6th shells hold?

A

Up to 18 electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How do Atoms form molecules?

A

Combining to fill their outermost shells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the Valence?

A

of missing or extra electrons in the outermost shell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How do electron hold together?

A

Through chemical bonds.
Valence electrons of the combining atoms form attractive forces between the atomic nuclei

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is a compound?

A

A molecule that contains two or more kinds of atoms
example: H2O

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the different types of chemical bonds?

A

Ionic bond
Covalent
Hydrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is an Ionic bond?

A

Attractions between ions of the opposite charge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is an Ion?

A

charged atoms that have gained or lost electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are Cations?

A

atoms that lose electrons and become positively charged ions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are anions?

A

atoms that gain electrons and become negatively charged ions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is a covalent bond?

A

when two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is a Hydrogen bond?

A

when a hydrogen atom that is covalently bonded to an O or N atom is attracted to another N or O in another molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is molecular mass?

A

The sum of atomic masses in a molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is a chemical reaction?

A

involves the making or breaking of bonds between atoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What does endergonic mean?

A

Reactions ABSORB energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Define exergonic.

A

reactions RELEASE energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is a synthesis reaction?

A

occurs when atoms, ions, or molecules combine to form new, larger molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is anabolism?

A

the synthesis of molecules in a cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What kind of reaction is this?
A + B —> AB

A

Synthesis reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is a Decomposition reaction?

A

when a molecule is split into smaller molecules, ions, or atoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is catabolism?

A

decomposition reactions in a cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What kind of reaction is this?
AB —-> A + B

A

Catabolism / Decomp reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is an exchange reaction?

A

are part synthesis and part decopmosition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What reaction is this?
NaOH + HCI —> NaCI + H2O

A

Exchange reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

In what direction does reversing a chemical reaction do?

A

either anabolism or catabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What are organic compounds?

A

always contain carbon and hydrogen; typically structurally complex

36
Q

What is an inorganic compound?

A

typically lack carbon; usually small and structurally simple

37
Q

What is water?

A
  • inorganic
    polar molecule
    solvent
    hydrogen bonds absorb heat
38
Q

What is an acid?

A

Substance that dissociates into one or more hydrogen ions and one or more negative ions

39
Q

What is a base?

A

substances that dissociate into one or more hydroxide ions and one or more positive ions

40
Q

What is a salt?

A

substances that dissociate into cations and anions

41
Q

What is pH?

A

The concentration of H^+ in a solution is expressed as pH

42
Q

How do you increase acidity?

A

increase H^+

43
Q

How do you increase alkalinity?

A

Increasing OH^-

44
Q

what pH do most organisms grow in?

A

between 6.5 and 8.5

45
Q

What is pH 0-6 considered?

A

Acidic

46
Q

What is pH 6.5-8.5 considered?

A

Neutral

47
Q

What is pH 9 - 14 considered?

A

Basic

48
Q

What do organic compounds usually contain?

A

hydrogen, oxygen, and/or nitrogen in addition to carbon

49
Q

Carbon skeleton

A

chain of carbon atoms in an organic molecule

50
Q

Functional Groups

A

bond to carbon skeleton; responsible for chemical properties of a organic compound

51
Q

Macromules

A

polymers consisting of many monomers

52
Q

How do monomers bind?

A

dehydration synthesis or condensation reactions

53
Q

Carbohydrates

A

-cell structures and cellular energy sources
- consist of C, H, and O w/ the formula
- many carbs are isomers
- starch & sugar

54
Q

Isomer

A

molecules w/ same chemical formula, just different structures

55
Q

Monosaccharides

A
  • simple sugars w/ 3-7 carbon atoms
  • glucose
56
Q

Disaccharides

A
  • formed when 2 monosaccharides bond via dehydration synthesis
  • can be broken down by hydrolysis
57
Q

Dehydration synthesis

A

creation of larger molecules from smaller monomers where a water molecule is released

58
Q

Hydrolysis

A

molecule of water breaks down a chemical bond

59
Q

polysaccharides

A

10s or hundreds of monosaccharides joined via dehydration synthesis

60
Q

Lipids

A
  • primary components of cell membranes
  • consist of C, H, and O
  • nonpolar and insoluble in water
61
Q

Simple lipids

A
  • fats or triglycerides
62
Q

Simple lipid: saturated fat

A

no double bonds in the fatty acids

63
Q

Simple lipid: unsaturated fat:

A

one or more double bonds in the fatty acids

64
Q

cis unsaturated fat vs trans unsaturated fat

A

cis: H atoms on the same side of the double bond
trans: H atoms on the opposite sides of the double bond

65
Q

Complex lipids: what do they contain, what are their membranes made of and is it polar or non polar?

A
  • contain C, H and O+P, N, and/or S
  • complex lipids called phospholipids
  • phospholipids have polar and non polar regions
66
Q

Steroids

A
  • four carbon rings with an -OH group attached to one ring
  • part of membranes that keep the membranes fluid
67
Q

Proteins: what are they made of and what do they do?

A
  • made of C,H,O,N and sometimes S
  • cell structure + function
    enzymes speed up chem. reactions
    T proteins that move chem. across membranes
68
Q

Amino Acids

A

molecules that combine to form proteins
contain an alpha-carbon that has an attched:
- carboxyl group
- amino group
- side group

69
Q

peptide bond

A

a chemical bond formed between two molecules when the carboxyl group of one molecule reacts with the amino group of the other molecule

70
Q

Primary structure of the protein structure

A

it is a polypeptide chain

71
Q

Secondary structure of the protein structure

A

when amino acid chain fold and coils in either a helix or pleated sheet

72
Q

Tertiary structure of the protein structure

A

when the helix or sheet fold irregularly, disulfide bridges, hydrogen bonds, and ionic bonds btwn amino acids in chain

73
Q

Quaternary structure

A

two or more polypeptides

74
Q

Nucleic Acid

A

primary information-carrying molecules in cells that consist of nucleotides

75
Q

Nucleotide

A

basic building block of nucleic acids DNA and RNA

76
Q

What do nucleotides consist of?

A

five carbon sugar
phosphate group
nitrogen containing (purine or pyrimidine) base

77
Q

Nucleosides

A

compound commonly found in DNA and RNA, consisting of a purine or pyrimidine base linked to a sugar.

78
Q

DNA

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid
contains deoxyribose

79
Q

In DNA, what does adenine and cytosine bond with?

A

Adenine - hydrogen bonds w/ thymine
Cytosine - hydrogen bonds w/ guanine

80
Q

RNA

A

ribonucleic acid
contains ribose

81
Q

In RNA, what does adenine and cytosine bond with?

A

Adenin: hydrogen bonds w/ uracil
Cytosine: hydrogen bonds w/ guanine

82
Q

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP): What is it made out of? What does it do?

A

made of ribose, adenine, 3 phosphate groups
- stores chemical energy released by some chemical reactions
- releases phosphate groups by hydrolysis to liberate useful energy for cell

83
Q

The number of extra or missing electrons in an atom’s outermost electron shell is called the atoms:
a. atomic number
b. electronic confirguration
c. valence
d. covalence

A

c. valence

84
Q

What is formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms to fill an electron shell?
a. isotope
b. ionic bond
c. hydrogen bond
d. covalent bond

A

d. Covalent Bond

85
Q

What are the building blocks of protein?
a. monosaccharides
b. amino acids
c. fatty acids
d. nucleotides

A

b. Amino Acids

86
Q

What is the difference between an ionic and a covalent bond?

A

ionic bonds form when two or more ions come together
covalent bonds share electrons between 2 or more atoms

MICR 130 (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions