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MICR 130 > Lecture 2 + Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 2 + Chapter 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is chemistry?

A

The study of interactions between atoms and molecules

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2
Q

What is the smallest unit of matter? Can it be subdivided into smaller substabnces

A
  • atom, no
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3
Q

What are molecules?

A

combinations of atoms forming chemical compund

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4
Q

What are atoms composed of?

A

electrons
protons
neutrons

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5
Q

What is the atomic mass?

A

total # of protons and neutron in an atom

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6
Q

What are isotopes?

A

atoms w/ different # of neutrons

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7
Q

What are the elements of life?

A

hydrogen
- carbon
- nitrogen
- oxygen
- sodium
- magnesium
- phosphorus

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8
Q

How many electrons can the innermost shell hold?

A

2 electrons

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9
Q

How many electrons can the second (and possibly third) electron shell hold?

A

2nd holds up to 8, 3rd can hold up to eight if it is the last/outtermost shell

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10
Q

How many electrons can the 4th, 5th, and 6th shells hold?

A

Up to 18 electrons

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11
Q

How do Atoms form molecules?

A

Combining to fill their outermost shells

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12
Q

What is the Valence?

A

of missing or extra electrons in the outermost shell

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13
Q

How do electron hold together?

A

Through chemical bonds.
Valence electrons of the combining atoms form attractive forces between the atomic nuclei

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14
Q

What is a compound?

A

A molecule that contains two or more kinds of atoms
example: H2O

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15
Q

What are the different types of chemical bonds?

A

Ionic bond
Covalent
Hydrogen

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16
Q

What is an Ionic bond?

A

Attractions between ions of the opposite charge

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17
Q

What is an Ion?

A

charged atoms that have gained or lost electrons

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18
Q

What are Cations?

A

atoms that lose electrons and become positively charged ions

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19
Q

What are anions?

A

atoms that gain electrons and become negatively charged ions

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20
Q

What is a covalent bond?

A

when two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons

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21
Q

What is a Hydrogen bond?

A

when a hydrogen atom that is covalently bonded to an O or N atom is attracted to another N or O in another molecule

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22
Q

What is molecular mass?

A

The sum of atomic masses in a molecule

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23
Q

What is a chemical reaction?

A

involves the making or breaking of bonds between atoms

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24
Q

What does endergonic mean?

A

Reactions ABSORB energy

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25
Define exergonic.
reactions RELEASE energy
26
What is a synthesis reaction?
occurs when atoms, ions, or molecules combine to form new, larger molecules
27
What is anabolism?
the synthesis of molecules in a cell
28
What kind of reaction is this? A + B ---> AB
Synthesis reaction
29
What is a Decomposition reaction?
when a molecule is split into smaller molecules, ions, or atoms
30
What is catabolism?
decomposition reactions in a cell
31
What kind of reaction is this? AB ----> A + B
Catabolism / Decomp reaction
32
What is an exchange reaction?
are part synthesis and part decopmosition
33
What reaction is this? NaOH + HCI ---> NaCI + H2O
Exchange reaction
34
In what direction does reversing a chemical reaction do?
either anabolism or catabolism
35
What are organic compounds?
always contain carbon and hydrogen; typically structurally complex
36
What is an inorganic compound?
typically lack carbon; usually small and structurally simple
37
What is water?
- inorganic polar molecule solvent hydrogen bonds absorb heat
38
What is an acid?
Substance that dissociates into one or more hydrogen ions and one or more negative ions
39
What is a base?
substances that dissociate into one or more hydroxide ions and one or more positive ions
40
What is a salt?
substances that dissociate into cations and anions
41
What is pH?
The concentration of H^+ in a solution is expressed as pH
42
How do you increase acidity?
increase H^+
43
How do you increase alkalinity?
Increasing OH^-
44
what pH do most organisms grow in?
between 6.5 and 8.5
45
What is pH 0-6 considered?
Acidic
46
What is pH 6.5-8.5 considered?
Neutral
47
What is pH 9 - 14 considered?
Basic
48
What do organic compounds usually contain?
hydrogen, oxygen, and/or nitrogen in addition to carbon
49
Carbon skeleton
chain of carbon atoms in an organic molecule
50
Functional Groups
bond to carbon skeleton; responsible for chemical properties of a organic compound
51
Macromules
polymers consisting of many monomers
52
How do monomers bind?
dehydration synthesis or condensation reactions
53
Carbohydrates
-cell structures and cellular energy sources - consist of C, H, and O w/ the formula - many carbs are isomers - starch & sugar
54
Isomer
molecules w/ same chemical formula, just different structures
55
Monosaccharides
- simple sugars w/ 3-7 carbon atoms - glucose
56
Disaccharides
- formed when 2 monosaccharides bond via dehydration synthesis - can be broken down by hydrolysis
57
Dehydration synthesis
creation of larger molecules from smaller monomers where a water molecule is released
58
Hydrolysis
molecule of water breaks down a chemical bond
59
polysaccharides
10s or hundreds of monosaccharides joined via dehydration synthesis
60
Lipids
- primary components of cell membranes - consist of C, H, and O - nonpolar and insoluble in water
61
Simple lipids
- fats or triglycerides
62
Simple lipid: saturated fat
no double bonds in the fatty acids
63
Simple lipid: unsaturated fat:
one or more double bonds in the fatty acids
64
cis unsaturated fat vs trans unsaturated fat
cis: H atoms on the same side of the double bond trans: H atoms on the opposite sides of the double bond
65
Complex lipids: what do they contain, what are their membranes made of and is it polar or non polar?
- contain C, H and O+P, N, and/or S - complex lipids called phospholipids - phospholipids have polar and non polar regions
66
Steroids
- four carbon rings with an -OH group attached to one ring - part of membranes that keep the membranes fluid
67
Proteins: what are they made of and what do they do?
- made of C,H,O,N and sometimes S - cell structure + function enzymes speed up chem. reactions T proteins that move chem. across membranes
68
Amino Acids
molecules that combine to form proteins contain an alpha-carbon that has an attched: - carboxyl group - amino group - side group
69
peptide bond
a chemical bond formed between two molecules when the carboxyl group of one molecule reacts with the amino group of the other molecule
70
Primary structure of the protein structure
it is a polypeptide chain
71
Secondary structure of the protein structure
when amino acid chain fold and coils in either a helix or pleated sheet
72
Tertiary structure of the protein structure
when the helix or sheet fold irregularly, disulfide bridges, hydrogen bonds, and ionic bonds btwn amino acids in chain
73
Quaternary structure
two or more polypeptides
74
Nucleic Acid
primary information-carrying molecules in cells that consist of nucleotides
75
Nucleotide
basic building block of nucleic acids DNA and RNA
76
What do nucleotides consist of?
five carbon sugar phosphate group nitrogen containing (purine or pyrimidine) base
77
Nucleosides
compound commonly found in DNA and RNA, consisting of a purine or pyrimidine base linked to a sugar.
78
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid contains deoxyribose
79
In DNA, what does adenine and cytosine bond with?
Adenine - hydrogen bonds w/ thymine Cytosine - hydrogen bonds w/ guanine
80
RNA
ribonucleic acid contains ribose
81
In RNA, what does adenine and cytosine bond with?
Adenin: hydrogen bonds w/ uracil Cytosine: hydrogen bonds w/ guanine
82
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP): What is it made out of? What does it do?
made of ribose, adenine, 3 phosphate groups - stores chemical energy released by some chemical reactions - releases phosphate groups by hydrolysis to liberate useful energy for cell
83
The number of extra or missing electrons in an atom's outermost electron shell is called the atoms: a. atomic number b. electronic confirguration c. valence d. covalence
c. valence
84
What is formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms to fill an electron shell? a. isotope b. ionic bond c. hydrogen bond d. covalent bond
d. Covalent Bond
85
What are the building blocks of protein? a. monosaccharides b. amino acids c. fatty acids d. nucleotides
b. Amino Acids
86
What is the difference between an ionic and a covalent bond?
ionic bonds form when two or more ions come together covalent bonds share electrons between 2 or more atoms

MICR 130 (12 decks)

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