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MICR 130 > Lecture 13: Viruses, Viroids, and Prions > Flashcards

Lecture 13: Viruses, Viroids, and Prions Flashcards

1
Q

What are the general characteristics of a virus?

A
  • obligatory intracellular parasites
  • contain DNA & RNA & protein coat
  • no ribosomes
  • no ATP generating mechanisms
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2
Q

What is the host range?

A

spectrum of host cells a virus can infect
- most viruses infect specific cells in 1 host

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3
Q

What is a bacteriophage?

A

viruses that infect bacteria

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4
Q

What are the 4 components of a viral structure?

A

Vivion: complete, fully developed viral particle
Capsid: protein coat of capsomeres
Envelope: lipid, protein, & carb coating on some viruses
Spikes: projections from outer surface

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5
Q

What are the 4 common general morphologies of a virus?

A

Helical viruses: hollow, cylindrical capsid
Polyhedral viruses: many sided
Enveloped viruses: lipid membrane derived from host cell
Complex viruses: complicated structures; variety of components in capsids

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6
Q

(relating to taxonomy of viruses)
What do the Genus, family and order names end in?

A

Genus names end in -virus
Family names end in -viridae
Order names end in -ales

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7
Q

What is a viral species?

A

group of viruses sharing the same genetic information and host

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8
Q

What would the order, family, genus, and species be of Covid-19?

A

order: nidovirales
family: coronaviridae
genus: coronavirus
species: SARS-CoV-2

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9
Q

How are bacteriophages grown in a lab?

A
  • grown in bacteria
  • form plaques
  • each plaque corresponds to a single virus; can be expressed as plaque forming units (PFU)
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10
Q

How are animal viruses grown in a lab?

A
  • living anials
  • embyronated eggs
  • cell cultures: can observe cytopathic effect (CPE)
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11
Q

What are different ways of viral identification/detection?

A
  • cytopathic effect
  • serological tests
  • nucleic acids
  • rapid tests
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12
Q

What tests could you use to identify influenza virus in a patient?

A
  • rapid tests
  • serological tests
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13
Q

What is required for a virus to multiply?

A
  • invade a host cell
  • take over hosts metabolic machinery
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14
Q

What is the one step growth curve?

A

indicate that virus particles in eclipse are responsible for replication

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15
Q

What is the lytic cycle involved in the multiplication of bacteriophages?

A
  • phage causes lysis and death of the host cell
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16
Q

What are virulent pages and how do they relate to the lytic cycle?

A
  • restricted to lytic infections
  • rapid viral replication ends in progney release and bacterial death
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17
Q

What is the lysogenic cycle?

A
  • phage DNA is incorporated in the host DNA
  • phage conversion
    specialized transudction
18
Q

What are temperate phages and how does it relate to the lysogenic cylce?

A
  • follow either a lytic or a lysogenic cycle
  • in the latter, viral DNA maintains itself in the host as a prophage
19
Q

What are the stages of multiplication?

A

attachment
entry
uncoating
either: chronic infection or biosynthesis
from biosynthesis: release

20
Q

What is the biosynthesis of DNA viruses?

A
  • DNA viruses replicate their DNA In the nucleus of the host using viral enzymes
21
Q

What is adenoviridae? DNA or RNA virus?

A

double stranded DNA non enveloped viruses
- respiratory infections in humans
- tumors in animals

22
Q

What is poxviridae? DNA or RNA virus?

A

double stranded DNA enveloped viruses
- cause skin lesions
- vaccinia and smallpox viruses

23
Q

What is herpesviridae? DNA or RNA virus?

A

DB stranded DNA enveloepd viruses
HHV-(1-8)

24
Q

What is papoviridae? DNA or RNA virus?

A

DBL stranded DNA, noneveloped
- causes warts
- can transform cells and cause cancer

25
Q

What is hepadnaviridae? DNA or RNA virus?

A

DBL DNA, enveloped
- hepatitis B virus
- reverse transcriptase to make DNA from RNA

26
Q

How do Viruses multiply in a host cells cytoplasm? What is ssRNA + & -, and dsRNA?

A

RNA-dependent RNA polymerase
-ssRNA; + (sense) strand: viral RNA serves as mRNA for protein synthesis
- ssRNA; - (antisense) strand: viral RNA is transcribed to a + strand to serve as mRNA for protein synthesis
- dsRNA: double stranded RNA

27
Q

What is picornaviridae? DNA or RNA virus?

A

sngl stranded RNA virus
+ strand
nonenveloped

-entervirus: poliovirus & coxsackievirus
-rhinovirus: common cold
-hepatitas A

28
Q

What is togaviridae? DNA or RNA virus?

A

sgl RNA
+ strand
enveloped

-alphavirus
-rubvirus

29
Q

What is rhabdoviridae? DNA or RNA virus?

A

sgl RNA
- strand
ONE RNA strand

  • lyssavirus: rabies
30
Q

What is reoviridae? DNA or RNA virus?

A

DBL Rna
- nonenveloped
- reovirus (respiratory enteric orphan)
- rotavirus

31
Q

What is a provirus?

A

form of a virus integrated into the genetic material of a host cell

32
Q

Are cancers caused by viruses contagious?

A

no

33
Q

What is sarcoma?

A

cancer of connective tissue

34
Q

What is adenocarcinomas?

A

cancers of glandular epithelial tissue

35
Q

What are oncogenes?

A

transform normal cells into cancerous cells

36
Q

What do oncogenic viruses?

A

become integrated into the host cells DNA and induce tumors

37
Q

What DNA viruses are oncogenic viruses?

A

adenoviridae
herpesviridae
poxviridae
papovaviridae
- human papillomavirus
hepadnaviridae
- hepatitis B virus
retroviridae

38
Q

What is a latent virus?

A

remains in asymptomatic host cell for long periods
- may reactivate due to changes in immunity
+ cold sores (herpesvirus), chingles (varcella zoster virus)

39
Q

What is a persistent viral infection?

A

occurs gradually over a long period; generally fatal
- measles virus

40
Q

What are prions?

A
  • PROteinaceous INectious particles
  • inherited and transmissible by ingestion, transplant, & surgical instruments
  • mad cow disease

MICR 130 (12 decks)

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