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lecture 4 cards Flashcards

1
Q

G.E. Hutchinson

A

Created the idea of the n-dimensional hypervolume and fundamental vs realized niches, also paradox of the plankton

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2
Q

Fundamental niche

A

N-dimensional space that an organism theoretically occupies

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3
Q

Realized niche

A

Actual space that an organism occupies, usually restricted by biological interactions

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4
Q

Gause

A

No two species can occupy the same niche

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5
Q

Paradox of the plankton

A

How can so many species occupy the seemingly homogeneous mixed layer of a lake or ocean if the principle of competitive exclusion is correct? Either there are so many niches that it seems like they are in equilibrium, or they are NOT in equilibrium

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6
Q

Adaptations

A

Special inherited features that enable a species to function in its niche

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7
Q

Acclimatization

A

Changes in tolerance with seasonal environmental change.

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8
Q

Acclimation

A

Compensatory process involving a shift in a function following an environmental change. Has to do with when an org moves from one place to another and has to deal with a new environmental regime.

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9
Q

Density independent growth

A

Number of individuals times birth rate minus death rate

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10
Q

Exponential growth

A

dN/dt = rN

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11
Q

Density dependent growth

A

There are limits to growth, including the carrying capacity K.

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12
Q

Logistic Equation

A

dN/dt = rN (K-N/K)

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13
Q

Life tables

A

Include birth and death rates and average numbers for different ages or stages in a population

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14
Q

Survivorship curves

A

A function of growth rate, death rate, life expectancy and fecundity, the number of organisms alive at any time t

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15
Q

R-selection

A

Growth rate can expand rapidly when more resources are available

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16
Q

K-selection

A

Balanced growth rate and death rate in that they don’t have expansive growth rates when there are more resources, etc

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17
Q

MacArthur and Wilson

A

Published Island Biogeography, where r-selection and k-selection were used for the first time

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18
Q

Intraspecific competition

A

Competition between individuals of the same species

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19
Q

Interspecific competition

A

Competition between individuals of different species

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20
Q

Interference competition

A

Access to a resource is denied to competitors by the dominant individual or species

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21
Q

Exploitative competition

A

The direct use of a resources that reduces its availability to a competing individual or species simply by consumption

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22
Q

Coefficient of competition

A

a12 or a21

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23
Q

a12

A

The effect of species 2 on species 1

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24
Q

a21

A

The effect of species 1 on species 2

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25
Q

Connell famous study

A

Balanus and Chthamalus where Cthamalus tolerates drying more but is outcompeted by Balanus at lower heights. Balanus is larger and faster growing and can lift, cover or crush Cthamalus

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26
Q

Holling curves

A

Functional responses to prey density. Includes rate of successful search for prey, search and handling time, hunger level of predator, and inhibition of predation by prey

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27
Q

Rate of successful search for prey

A

Relative mobility of predators and prey, size of perception field of predator, proportion fo attacks resulting in capture

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28
Q

Search and handling time

A

Time spent persuing and subduing prey, eating prey and in digestive pause

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29
Q

Hunger level of predator

A

Rate of digestion and assimilation, gut capacity

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30
Q

Inhibition of predation by prey

A

Behavioral and morphological adaptations of prey

31
Q

Commensalism

A

Benefits one side of the interaction

32
Q

Mutualism

A

Benefits both sides of the interaction

33
Q

Parasitism

A

Benefits one side at host’s expense

34
Q

Factors affecting diversity

A

Time, spatial heterogeneity, competition, environmental stability and predation

35
Q

Neuston

A

Animals attached to the air-sea interface, includes bacteria, protozoa, algae and larger animals like jellyfish

36
Q

Nekton

A

Animals that swim

37
Q

Holoplankton

A

Spend entire life in open water, no benthic stages

38
Q

Meroplanktonic

A

Organisms that spend part of their lives in the plankton and part in the benthos, and species that require benthic resting stages

39
Q

Tychoplanktonic

A

Organisms normally attached to substrate but they may be occasionally broken off and thus float in the plankton

40
Q

Cyanophyta/Cyanobacteria

A

Prokaryotic, no organelles, cell walls are mucopolysaccharides, can glide but no flagellae, some filamentous forms have heterocysts. Species include Synechocystis and Synechococcus, Tcihodesmium which is colonial, can cause red tide outbursts

41
Q

Heterocysts

A

Special cells with thick walls which are centers of nitrogen fixation

42
Q

Chlorophyta

A

Green algae, mostly macroalgae near the shore, cellulose cell walls

43
Q

Prasinophyta

A

Different from green algae because different flagellae, cell wall is organic scales, includes Pyramimonas and Micromonas

44
Q

Synechocystis

A

Cyanophyta

45
Q

Synechococcus

A

Cyanophyta

46
Q

Trichodesmium

A

Cyanophyta, colonial

47
Q

Pyramimonas

A

Prasinophyta, alternates between flagellate cell and benthic stage

48
Q

Micromonas

A

Prasinophyta, common in the plankton

49
Q

Chrysophyta

A

golden algae, have chlorophyll a, c and carotenoid, capable of phagotrophy, some have silica scales, include Distephanus and Dictyocha fibula

50
Q

Phagotrophy

A

Gaining nutrition from consuming other organisms

51
Q

Mixotrophs

A

An organism that can photosynthesize and engulf cells

52
Q

Distephanus

A

Chrysophyta that have internal silicon skeletons

53
Q

Dictyocha fibula

A

Chrysophyta that was used as a clone to evaluate the classification system used by paleontologists

54
Q

Haptophyta or Prymnesiophyta

A

Include coccolithophores, in colonies or filaments, same as chrysophyta but different flagellae, include Phaeocystis, Emiliania

55
Q

Phaeocystis

A

Forms gelatinous colonies, important in polar seas, blooms can affect migration patterns of fish

56
Q

Emiliania huxleyi

A

Cells covered in calcareous plates

57
Q

Xanthophyta

A

Yellow-green algae, similar to chrysophyta but lack the carotenoid, include Olisthodiscus

58
Q

Olisthodiscus

A

Xanthophyta that is cultured as food for oysters, lives in brackish waters

59
Q

Cryptophyta, or cryptomonads

A

Biflagellate cells,store starch, have ejectosomes that line the gullet, include chroomonas

60
Q

Chroomonas

A

Cryptophyta, common species

61
Q

Euglenophyta

A

Unicellular flagellates with chlorophyll a and b, have distinctive eyespot, flexible cell wall covering. Include Eutreptiella

62
Q

Eutreptia

A

Euglenophyts that are marine

63
Q

Bacillariophyta

A

Diatoms, most important group of phytoplankton in terms of primary productivity. Mostly unicelllular, chlorphyll a and b and fucoxanthin, produce oils that may provide buoyancy. Contain frustules, silica cell walls. When they reproduce, population becomes smaller. Pennate diatoms have a raphe system, longitudinal slit.

64
Q

Frustules

A

Silica cell walls of bacillariophyta

65
Q

Auxospore

A

Zygote of a bacillariophyta

66
Q

Pseudonitzschia pungens

A

Diatom that creates amnesiac shellfish poisoning

67
Q

Pyrrophyta

A

Dinoflagellates, unicellular with 2 flagellae. Majority of unicellular flagellates in the ocean. Whirling, spinning motion. Produce chlorophyll a and c, peridinin. Storage products are starch and oils. About half are colorless, som are parasitic, many are mixotrophic, some are bioluminescent. Some responsible for red tides. Can be responsible for fish kills.

68
Q

Zooxanthellae

A

Non-motile spores

69
Q

Hermatypic corals

A

Reef-building corals

70
Q

Gymnodinium

A

Pyrrophyta lacking walls

71
Q

NSP

A

Neurotoxic shellfish poisoning in gulf of mexico, due to pyrrophyta

72
Q

PSP

A

Paralytic shellfish poisoning, worldwide, due to pyrrophyta

73
Q

DSP

A

Diarrhetic shellfish poisoning, worldwide, due to pyrrophyta

Marine Ecology (9 decks)

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