lecture 2 cards

Question 1

Major ions in the ocean

Answer 1

Chloride, sulfate, bicarbonate, sodium, magnesium, calcium, potassium

Question 2

Dipole

Answer 2

Opposite ends have opposte charges

Question 3

H bonds

Answer 3

Bonds between hydrogen atoms on one molecule are strongly attracted to negative pole on another molecule without dissociating

Question 4

Why are those particular ions in the water

Answer 4

Ions left behind after complex reactions occur in the water, like formation of organic matter, skeletons and sediments. Results of biological and geochemical processing.

Question 5

Source of chloride in the ocean

Answer 5

Excess of volatile chloride from volcanic gasses, HCl

Question 6

Processes that add ions to seawater

Answer 6

chemical weathering, cyclic salts

Question 7

Processes that remove ions from seawater

Answer 7

Ion exchange, carbonate formation, reverse weathering, opal formation, sulfate reduction, evaporite formation

Question 8

Chemical weathering

Answer 8

Action of water and carbon dioxide on rocks, producing calcium, bicarbonate and silicate ions. Silicate igneous rocks like granite and basalt and carbonate rocks are the most easily weathered

Question 9

Cyclic salts

Answer 9

Ions like sodium and chloride that end up back in seawater due to the water cycle. These ions are in rainwater. Seawater is in steady state for chloride.

Question 10

Ion exchange

Answer 10

charge balance, clay particles lose calcium ions for potassium ions in estuaries

Question 11

Carbonate formation

Answer 11

Formation of CaCO3 from skeletons of organisms, making sediments

Question 12

Reverse weathering

Answer 12

when ions in solution precipitate onto solid surfaces by adsorption

Question 13

Carbonate compensation depth

Answer 13

point where the net change in weight of the spheres is zero. If the ocean bottom is above this CaCO3 sediments accumulate–little accumulation in pacific ocean

Question 14

Opal formation

Answer 14

Skeletons from organisms like diatoms and radiolarians form silica oozes

Question 15

Si

Answer 15

part of the long-term buffering system of the ocean

Question 16

Sulfate reduction

Answer 16

Sulfides deposited as solids around hydrothermal vent systems due to bacteria, anaerobic

Question 17

Evaporite formation

Answer 17

Different minerals precipitate out as seawater evaporates

Question 18

Conservative

Answer 18

When ions have similar proportions in all the world’s oceans. Major ions.

Question 19

Non-conservative

Answer 19

When organisms in the ocean determine the proportions in those waters. Minor and trace elements.

Question 20

Alfred Redfield

Answer 20

Physiologist at Harvard/Woods Hole Oceanographic that made observations of nutrients in seawater, biochemical circulation

Question 21

Biochemical circulation

Answer 21

Biologically active elements circulate in bodies of water very differently from general water circulation. Because processes of synthesis and regeneration can be separated in space–synthesis needs sunlight but regeneration can be at deeper depths

Question 22

Redfield ratio

Answer 22

Average value for plankton of the three major structural elements. 106 C : 16 N : 1 P

Question 23

Halocline

Answer 23

gradient in salinity in relation to ocean depth. Highest at surface because that’s where evaporation takes place. At Halocline sharply declines and then slowly increases again.

Question 24

Thermocline

Answer 24

gradient in temperature in relation to ocean depth. Highest at surface, steeply declines at thermocline and then slowly continues decreasing with depth

Question 25

Pycnocline

Answer 25

gradient in density in relation to ocean depth. Lowest at surface, higher rate of increase in density at pycnocline, continues increasing with depth

Question 26

Density

Answer 26

specific gravity of water. 1.00000 at 4 degrees celsius. Product of waters’ salinity and temperature

Question 27

How do you identify different water masses

Answer 27

By their densities

Question 28

AIW

Answer 28

Antarctic Intermediate Water, 33.8% salinity, temp 2.2 degrees celsius

Question 29

ABW

Answer 29

Antarctic Bottom Water, 34.62% salinity, temp -1.9 degrees celsius

Question 30

Sound propagation relationships

Answer 30

Velocity increases with increased temperature and increased pressure. Temperature effects dominate in shallow water, pressure effects dominate in deep water. Minimum velocity layer where it is too cold and there is not enough pressure.

Question 31

SOFAR Zone

Answer 31

Sound fixing and ranging zone, where sound travels at a high speed at the bottom of the mixed layer, 80m, just above the pycnocline. Important for submarine communication. Shadow zone where very little sound energy penetrates, subs can use this to hide.

Question 32

Hypoosmotic

Answer 32

Less salinity in their bodies than in external environment. Must drink weawater, secrete salt, excrete small amounts of concentrated urine

Question 33

Optical properties

Answer 33

Incident light, reflection, attenuation, absorption and scattering

Question 34

Incident light

Answer 34

Light at surface of sea, direct or diffuse

Question 35

Reflection

Answer 35

Influenced by sea state, waves, foam patches, bubbles

Question 36

Attenuation

Answer 36

Way the amount and spectral composition of light change with depth. Different colors attenuate at different rates, red light is defracted much more quickly.

Question 37

Absorption and scattering

Answer 37

Reason light decreases exponentially with depth