lecture 1 cards

Question 1

Captain James Cook

Answer 1

HMS Endeavor 1748-1779 Pacific Ocean. Inaugurated great collecting phase of 18th century sciences

Question 2

Alexander von Humboldt

Answer 2

1779-1804 Central and south america

Question 3

Edward Forbes

Answer 3

Shetland Sea, Benthos, 1830s-40s. Showed depth related zonation

Question 4

Charles Darwin

Answer 4

HMS Beagle, 1831-1836, south america and pacific

Question 5

HMS Beagle

Answer 5

sailed by Charles Darwin to south america and pacific

Question 6

Charles Wyville Thompson

Answer 6

HMS Lightning 1868 and HMS Porcupine, first oceanocraphy book, the depths of the sea. Persuaded british admiralty to outfit a ship and sponsor expedition to study ocean floor

Question 7

Challenger Expedition

Answer 7

Thompson and Murray were leaders aboard this–worldwide exploration of the sea. 3.5 years 1872-1875. deepwater soundings and dredgings. Acquired contours of ocean floor, collections of biota, plots of ocean currents and temperature.

Question 8

HMS Challenger

Answer 8

worldwide expedition to explore the depths of the sea

Question 9

Victor Hensen

Answer 9

Father of german oceanography, called plankton the blood of the sea, wanted to improve german fisheries in the baltic and north sea.

Question 10

Plymouth Laboratory

Answer 10

In the British School, 1930s and 40s, studied plankton biology in the english channel.

Question 11

Louis and Alexander Agassiz

Answer 11

promoted marine science in 19th and early 20th centuries, founded museum of comp. zoology at harvard

Question 12

1870s shore based laboratories

Answer 12

Marine Biological Laboratory in MA, Friday Harbor Laboratory in WA, Scripps Institute of Oceanography in CA, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution in MA

Question 13

Gordon A. Riley

Answer 13

impacted modern plankton studies, application of math on plankton population size

Question 14

Bruce Heezen

Answer 14

seafloor mapping, created more support for idea of continental drift

Question 15

Subdivisions in the world ocean

Answer 15

5

Question 16

Subdivisions of oceans

Answer 16

20

Question 17

Gradient from land to ocean

Answer 17

continental shelf, shelf break, continental slope, continental rise, abyssal plain

Question 18

Continental shelf

Answer 18

big changes in sea level, goes out 100-200 m in depth

Question 19

Continental slope

Answer 19

about 4 degree angle, submarine canyons, turbidity currents

Question 20

Abyssal plain

Answer 20

sea floor, about 5,000m in depth

Question 21

Three types of sediment in ocean

Answer 21

lithogenous, biogenous, aeolian

Question 22

Lithogenous soil

Answer 22

sediments from land

Question 23

Biogenous soil

Answer 23

sediments of biological origin, CaCO3 and SiO2 oozes

Question 24

Aeolian

Answer 24

Red clay, wind blown sediments

Question 25

Hydrogenous soil

Answer 25

manganese nodules

Question 26

Continental crust

Answer 26

Land. Made up of igneous granite. Thickness of 35km.

Question 27

Granite

Answer 27

Igneous rock, intrusive

Question 28

Oceanic crust

Answer 28

Made of igneous basalt, about 7km thick.

Question 29

Basalt

Answer 29

Igneous, extrusive.

Question 30

Mantle

Answer 30

Molten layer, asthenosphere. Density of about 3.3 g per cubic cm

Question 31

Isostasy

Answer 31

When state of ice masses changes the level of the continents. When ice melts, continents rise because of reduction in pressure.

Question 32

Maximum ages of rocks in the oceans

Answer 32

160-180 million years

Question 33

Subduction

Answer 33

When the oceanic crust goes beneath continental crust at edges of continents because oceanic crust is more dense, goes into the mantle

Question 34

Plate tectonics

Answer 34

The idea of the crust being subdivided and being able to shift. Location and frequency of earthquakes concentrated along mid-oceanic ridges and margins of continents. Major plates bounded by areas of high seismic activity.

Question 35

Alfred Wegener

Answer 35

proposed theory of continental drift in 1912

Question 36

Theory of continental drift

Answer 36

supercontinent Pangea that broke apart and drifted to the locations we observe today, based on fit of coastlines in atlantic ocean and otherwise, variety of plant and animal fossils in common

Question 37

Rock magnetism

Answer 37

Earth acts as a bar magnet and when new basalt is formed the magnetite orients to the poles, which wander and change in intensity and switch polarity

Question 38

Sea floor spreading

Answer 38

When new basalt is created it spreads across seafloor and subducts under continental crust.

Question 39

Evidence for sea floor spreading

Answer 39

rock dredgings show that basalt is youngest at ridges and older at flanks, sediments got thicker with distance from ridges, trenches found around continental margins due to subduction

Question 40

Ocean ridge system

Answer 40

Upwelling of magma in oceanic ridges, spreading and subduction, when magma descended it produced pressures that created volcanoes

Question 41

Where do earthquakes occur

Answer 41

where there is subduction, rifting, transform faults

Question 42

Subduction

Answer 42

Plates collide

Question 43

Rifting

Answer 43

Plates pull apart

Question 44

Transform faults

Answer 44

Plates slide past each other