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lecture 1 cards Flashcards

1
Q

Captain James Cook

A

HMS Endeavor 1748-1779 Pacific Ocean. Inaugurated great collecting phase of 18th century sciences

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2
Q

Alexander von Humboldt

A

1779-1804 Central and south america

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3
Q

Edward Forbes

A

Shetland Sea, Benthos, 1830s-40s. Showed depth related zonation

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4
Q

Charles Darwin

A

HMS Beagle, 1831-1836, south america and pacific

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5
Q

HMS Beagle

A

sailed by Charles Darwin to south america and pacific

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6
Q

Charles Wyville Thompson

A

HMS Lightning 1868 and HMS Porcupine, first oceanocraphy book, the depths of the sea. Persuaded british admiralty to outfit a ship and sponsor expedition to study ocean floor

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7
Q

Challenger Expedition

A

Thompson and Murray were leaders aboard this–worldwide exploration of the sea. 3.5 years 1872-1875. deepwater soundings and dredgings. Acquired contours of ocean floor, collections of biota, plots of ocean currents and temperature.

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8
Q

HMS Challenger

A

worldwide expedition to explore the depths of the sea

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9
Q

Victor Hensen

A

Father of german oceanography, called plankton the blood of the sea, wanted to improve german fisheries in the baltic and north sea.

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10
Q

Plymouth Laboratory

A

In the British School, 1930s and 40s, studied plankton biology in the english channel.

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11
Q

Louis and Alexander Agassiz

A

promoted marine science in 19th and early 20th centuries, founded museum of comp. zoology at harvard

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12
Q

1870s shore based laboratories

A

Marine Biological Laboratory in MA, Friday Harbor Laboratory in WA, Scripps Institute of Oceanography in CA, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution in MA

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13
Q

Gordon A. Riley

A

impacted modern plankton studies, application of math on plankton population size

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14
Q

Bruce Heezen

A

seafloor mapping, created more support for idea of continental drift

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15
Q

Subdivisions in the world ocean

A

5

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16
Q

Subdivisions of oceans

A

20

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17
Q

Gradient from land to ocean

A

continental shelf, shelf break, continental slope, continental rise, abyssal plain

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18
Q

Continental shelf

A

big changes in sea level, goes out 100-200 m in depth

19
Q

Continental slope

A

about 4 degree angle, submarine canyons, turbidity currents

20
Q

Abyssal plain

A

sea floor, about 5,000m in depth

21
Q

Three types of sediment in ocean

A

lithogenous, biogenous, aeolian

22
Q

Lithogenous soil

A

sediments from land

23
Q

Biogenous soil

A

sediments of biological origin, CaCO3 and SiO2 oozes

24
Q

Aeolian

A

Red clay, wind blown sediments

25
Q

Hydrogenous soil

A

manganese nodules

26
Q

Continental crust

A

Land. Made up of igneous granite. Thickness of 35km.

27
Q

Granite

A

Igneous rock, intrusive

28
Q

Oceanic crust

A

Made of igneous basalt, about 7km thick.

29
Q

Basalt

A

Igneous, extrusive.

30
Q

Mantle

A

Molten layer, asthenosphere. Density of about 3.3 g per cubic cm

31
Q

Isostasy

A

When state of ice masses changes the level of the continents. When ice melts, continents rise because of reduction in pressure.

32
Q

Maximum ages of rocks in the oceans

A

160-180 million years

33
Q

Subduction

A

When the oceanic crust goes beneath continental crust at edges of continents because oceanic crust is more dense, goes into the mantle

34
Q

Plate tectonics

A

The idea of the crust being subdivided and being able to shift. Location and frequency of earthquakes concentrated along mid-oceanic ridges and margins of continents. Major plates bounded by areas of high seismic activity.

35
Q

Alfred Wegener

A

proposed theory of continental drift in 1912

36
Q

Theory of continental drift

A

supercontinent Pangea that broke apart and drifted to the locations we observe today, based on fit of coastlines in atlantic ocean and otherwise, variety of plant and animal fossils in common

37
Q

Rock magnetism

A

Earth acts as a bar magnet and when new basalt is formed the magnetite orients to the poles, which wander and change in intensity and switch polarity

38
Q

Sea floor spreading

A

When new basalt is created it spreads across seafloor and subducts under continental crust.

39
Q

Evidence for sea floor spreading

A

rock dredgings show that basalt is youngest at ridges and older at flanks, sediments got thicker with distance from ridges, trenches found around continental margins due to subduction

40
Q

Ocean ridge system

A

Upwelling of magma in oceanic ridges, spreading and subduction, when magma descended it produced pressures that created volcanoes

41
Q

Where do earthquakes occur

A

where there is subduction, rifting, transform faults

42
Q

Subduction

A

Plates collide

43
Q

Rifting

A

Plates pull apart

44
Q

Transform faults

A

Plates slide past each other

Marine Ecology (9 decks)

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