Lecture 4

Question 1

Focus of the Theory of Reasoned Action and the Theory of Planned Behaviour…

Answer 1

theoretical attempt to capture the relationship between people’s attitudes and their behaviour. It also focuses on rational, cognitive decision-making processes.

Question 2

Critiques of the Stage Models

Answer 2

People don’t always go through a fix set of stages in a linear fashion. Hard to measure change. Weak emphasis on organizational/cultural/social factors. Arbitrary lines dividing stages.

Question 3

Attitude (Theory of Planned Behaviour)

Answer 3

Personal evaluation of the behaviour.

Question 4

In the Theory of Reasoned Action and the Theory of Planned Behaviour, behavioural beliefs and evaluation of behavioural outcomes creates?

Answer 4

Attitudes toward behaviour.

Question 5

The Health Belief Model focuses on…

Answer 5

the attitudes and beliefs of individuals.

Question 6

Subjective Norm (Theory of Planned Behaviour)

Answer 6

Beliefs about whether key people approve or disapprove of the behaviour; motivation to behave in a way that gains their approval.

Question 7

Self-efficacy (HBM)

Answer 7

Confidence in one’s ability to take action

Question 8

Why is the Trans-theoretical Model still popular?

Answer 8

It provides a simple box-type model that is easy to understand and fits with common sense ideas. Allows for positive conclusions to be drawn about interventions even when these have not resulted in behaviour change. Easy to study.

Question 9

In the Theory of Reasoned Action and the Theory of Planned Behaviour, normative beliefs and motivation to comply creates?

Answer 9

Subjective norms

Question 10

In a Value Expectancy Theory, behaviour is generally viewed as related to…

Answer 10

The subjective value of the outcome. The subjective probability or expectation that an action will achieve the outcome.

Question 11

Examples of critiques of the Theory of Reasoned Action and the Theory of Planned Behaviour

Answer 11

Assumes that behaviour is the output of rational, linear decision making. Time between intent and action is not considered.

Question 12

Maintenance (Trans-theoretical Model)

Answer 12

Striving to maintain change, prevent relapse.

Question 13

In the Theory of Planned Behaviour, control beliefs and perceived power creates?

Answer 13

Perceived behavioural control.

Question 14

What element was added to the Theory of Reasoned Action to create the Theory of Planned Behaviour?

Answer 14

Perceived behavioural control

Question 15

Critiques of the Health Belief Model

Answer 15

Focus is on the individual (doesn’t account for social and environmental factors), assumes everyone has equal access to information to make cost-benefit calculations, and it does not account for disparities in knowledge.

Question 16

Precontemplation (Trans-theoretical Model)

Answer 16

No intent to take action or change behaviour. Aka ambivalence.

Question 17

Preparation (Trans-theoretical Model)

Answer 17

Intention to take action in the immediate future.

Question 18

Perceived barriers (HBM)

Answer 18

Beliefs about the material and psychological costs of taking action.

Question 19

In the Health Belief Model, people will take action to prevent/screen/control a condition if:

Answer 19

they believe they are susceptible, they believe the condition and consequences are severe, they perceive that taking action has some benefit, and they perceived barriers to taking the action are low. Also, there needs to be cues to action and a person must believe they can do the behaviour and produce the desired outcome.

Question 20

Perceived susceptibility (HBM)

Answer 20

Belief about the chances of getting a condition

Question 21

Perceived severity (HBM)

Answer 21

Beliefs about the seriousness of a condition and its consequences.

Question 22

People change voluntarily only when they…

Answer 22

become concerned, become convinced, organize a plan of action that they are committed to, and take action.

Question 23

Stages in the Precaution Adoption Process Model

Answer 23

Unaware of issue. Unengaged by issue. Deciding about acting. Decision not to act. Decision to act. Acting. Maintenance.

Question 24

What fields does the Health Belief Model have its roots in?

Answer 24

Behaviourist and cognitive psychology.

Question 25

How are behavioural and normative beliefs linked to behavioral intentions and the behavior itself in the Theory of Reasoned Action and the Theory of Planned Behaviour?

Answer 25

A linear chair.

Question 26

Termination (Trans-theoretical Model)

Answer 26

Individual no longer succumbs to temptation and has self-efficacy about maintenance.

Question 27

What was missing from the Theory of Reasoned Action? Why did they change it to the Theory of Planned Behaviour?

Answer 27

It didn’t account for external factors that may prevent someone from taking a specific action.

Question 28

Cues of action (HBM)

Answer 28

Factors that activate “readiness to change”

Question 29

Action (Trans-theoretical Model)

Answer 29

A specific, relevant modification in behaviour is made.

Question 30

Perceived benefits (HBM)

Answer 30

Beliefs about the effectiveness of taking action to reduce risk or seriousness.

Question 31

The Theory of Reasoned Action argues that an individual will perform an action based on…

Answer 31

their attitude toward performing the behaviour and the subjective norm associated with the behaviour.

Question 32

Steps in the Stages of Change Model

Answer 32

Precontemplation, contemplation, planning, action, maintenance, relapse, termination.

Question 33

Behavioural Intention (Theory of Planned Behaviour)

Answer 33

Perceived likelihood of performing behaviour.

Question 34

What element does The Cycle of Change Model/Spiral of Change Model add to the Stages of Change and Trans-theoretical models?

Answer 34

Upward spiral: each time a person goes through the cycle, they learn from each relapse and grow stronger so that relapse os shorter or less devastating.

Question 35

Steps in the Trans-theoretical Model

Answer 35

Precontemplation, Contemplation, Preparation, Action, and Maintenance.

Question 36

Perceived behavioural control (Theory of Planned Behaviour)

Answer 36

Belief that one has, and can exercise, control over performing the behaviour.

Question 37

Contemplation (Trans-theoretical Model)

Answer 37

Intention to change, maybe within the next six months.