Glanz & Rimer - Part 2 Flashcards
According to the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) and the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA), what is the most important determinant of behaviour?
Behavioural intention.
Expectations (Social Cognitive Theory)
Anticipated outcomes of a behaviour
Precaution Adoption Model
7 distinct stages in the journey from lack of awareness to adoption and/or maintenance of a behaviour.
Relevance (community organization)
Community organizing that starts where the people are, activating participants to address issues that are important to them.
Preparation (Stages of Change Model)
Intends to take action within the next thirty days and has taken some behavioural steps in this direction.
Five stages in the Stages of Change Model
Precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, and maintenance.
Communication channels (Diffusion of Innovations Theory)
The means of transmitting the new idea from one person to another.
What factors determine how quickly, and to what extent, an innovation will be adopted and diffused?
Relative advantage, compatibility, complexity, trialability, observability.
What is a potential change strategy during the Precontemplation stage? (Stages of Change Model)
Increasing awareness of need for change. Personalized information about risks and benefits.
Stages of the Precaution Adoption Model
Unaware of issue. Unengaged by issue. Deciding about acting. Decided Not to act. Decided to act. Acting. Maintenance.
The media
Interconnected, large scale organizations the gather, process, and disseminate news, information, entertainment, and advertising worldwide.
Communication Theory describes…
… how different types of communication affect health behavior.
Compatibility (Key attributes affecting the speed and extent of an innovation’s diffusion)
An appropriate fit with the intended audience
Three general types of community organizing:
Locality development, social planning, social action.
Action (Stages of Change Model)
Has changed behaviour for less than six months.
Diffusion of Innovation Theory addresses…
… how ideas, products, and social practises that are perceived as “new” spread throughout a society or from one society to another.
Which theory did Social Cognitive Theory evolve from?
Social Learning Theory
Time (Diffusion of Innovations Theory)
How long it takes to adopt the innovation
The Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) and the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) explores the relationships between…
Behaviour and beliefs, attitudes, and intention.
Generalized learning
In addition to the message Self, people are persuaded about concepts related to the message.
Critical consciousness (community organization)
Awareness of social, political, and economic forces that contribute to social problems.
Precontemplation (Stages of Change Model)
Has no intention of taking action within the next six months
Framing
A process in which someone tells the audience what aspect of the story is important.
Self-efficacy (Social Cognitive Theory)
Confidence in one’s ability to take action and overcome barriers
What does the Social Cognitive Theory explore and describe?
It explores the reciprocal interactions of people and their environments, and the psychosocial determinants of health behaviour. It describes a dynamic, ongoing process in which personal factors, environmental factors, and human behaviour exert influence upon each other.
According to Social Cognitive Theory, which three main factors affect the likelihood that a person will change a health behaviour?
Self-efficacy, goals, and outcome expectancies.
Social diffusion
Messages stimulate discussion among social groups, thereby affecting beliefs.
How does the social action model differ from other forms of community intervention?
It is grassroots-based, conflict oriented, and geared to mobilizing disadvantage people to act on their own behalf.
Reciprocal determinism (Social Cognitive Theory)
The dynamic interaction of the person, behaviour, and the environment in which the behaviour is performed.
Behavioural Capability (Social Cognitive Theory)
Knowledge and skills to perform a given behaviour.
Social planning
Task oriented. Stresses problem-solving and usually relies heavily on expert practitioners.
Which theories and perspectives work well with community organization?
And ecological perspective, social cognitive theory based strategies, social networks and social support theories, and social systems theory.
Subjective Norm (Theory of Planned Behaviour)
Beliefs about whether key people approve or disapprove of the behaviour motivation to behave in a way that gains their approval.
Relative advantage (Key attributes affecting the speed and extent of an innovation’s diffusion)
Shows it’s superiority over whatever it replaces
What influences a person’s attitude toward performing a behaviour in the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) and the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA)?
A person’s attitude toward performing a behaviour and subjective norms
What does Social Learning Theory assert?
People learn not only from their own experiences, but by observing the actions of others and the benefits of those actions.
What is a potential change strategy during the Action stage? (Stages of Change Model)
Feedback, problem solving, social support, and reinforcements.
What is a potential change strategy during the Preparation stage? (Stages of Change Model)
Assist with developing and implementing concrete action plans; help set gradual goals.
At the interpersonal level, what do theories of health behaviour assume?
That individuals exist within, and are influenced by, a social environment.
What is a potential change strategy during the Maintenance stage? (Stages of Change Model)
Assist with coping, reminders, finding alternatives, avoiding slips/relapses.
Innovation (Diffusion of Innovations Theory)
An idea, object, or practice that is thought to be new by an individual, organization, or community.
The Precaution Adoption Model prompts practitioners to develop intervention strategies that take into account…
the stages that precede active decision-making.
What is one of the most frequently used and robust health behaviour theories?
The Social Cognitive Theory.
Community Organization and Other Participatory Models emphasize…
… community driven approach to assessing and solving health and social problems.
Social system (Diffusion of Innovations Theory)
A group of individuals who together adopt the innovation
Is the Stages of Change Model linear or circular?
Circular
Basic premise of the Stages of Change Model
Behaviour change is a process, not an event.
What are the possible paths through which a health communication message can influence someone’s beliefs and/or behaviors.
Immediate learning, delayed learning, generalized learning, social diffusion, and institutional diffusion.
Diffusion of Innovations Theory addresses…
… how new ideas, products, and social practises spread within an organization, community, or society, or from one society to another.
Media advocacy
Involves using the mass media strategically to advance public policies.
Delayed learning
The impact of the message is not processed until sometime after it has been conveyed.
What does media advocacy seek to do?
Balance news coverage by framing issues to emphasize social, economic, and political – rather than personal and behavioural - influences on health.
Observability (Key attributes affecting the speed and extent of an innovation’s diffusion)
Reflects whether the Innovacion will produce tangible results.
Complexity (Key attributes affecting the speed and extent of an innovation’s diffusion)
How easy it is to implement the innovation
Issue selection (community organization)
Identifying immediate, specific, and realizable targets for change that unify and build community strength.
Contemplation (Stages of Change Model)
Intends to take action in the next six months.
Public health communications
The scientific development, strategic dissemination, and evaluation of relevant, acute, accessible, and understandable health information, communicated to and from intended audience is to advance the publics health.
Trialability (Key attributes affecting the speed and extent of an innovation’s diffusion)
Pertains to whether an innovation could be tried on an experimental basis.
How does the Theory of Planned Behaviour differ from the Theory of Reasoned Action?
The Theory of Planned Behaviour includes an additional construct: perceived behavioural control.
Strict definition of community organizing assume…
… that the community itself identifies with the problems to address.
Institutional diffusion
Messages instigate a response from public institutions that reinforces the message’s impact on the target audience.
What is a potential change strategy during the Contemplation stage? (Stages of Change Model)
Motivation. Encouraging someone to make specific plans.
Whose priorities should community organizing projects start with?
The community’s priorities, rather than externally imposed agenda.
What is seen as motivation for action in a social action approach to community organizing?
Self interest
Perceived Behavioural Control (Theory of Planned Behaviour)
Belief that one has, and can exercise, control over performing the behaviour.
Two-step flow of communication
Information flows from the mass media to opinion leaders to the general public.
Participation (community organization)
Engagement of community members as equal partners; reflects the principle, “never do for others what they can do for themselves”
Diffusion of innovation
The process by which an innovation is communicated through certain channels overtime among the members of a social system.
When applied to public health, what is the central question theories of communication seek to answer?
How do you communication processes contribute to, or discourage, behaviour change?
Media effects
The outcomes of media dissemination of ideas, images, themes, and stories.
Behavioural Intention (Theory of Planned Behaviour)
Perceived likelihood of performing behaviour.
Social action
Both process and task oriented. It’s goals are to increase the community capacity to solve problems and to achieve concrete changes that redress social injustices.
Community capacity (community organization)
Characteristics of a community that allow it to identify social problems and address them.
Observational Learning (modeling) (Social Cognitive Theory)
Behavioural acquisition that occurs by watching the actions and outcomes of other’s behaviour.
Reinforcements (Social Cognitive Theory)
Responses to a person’s behaviour that increase or decrease the likelihood of recurrence
Agenda setting
Involves setting the media agenda (what is covered), the public agenda (what people think about), and the policy agenda (regulatory or legislative actions on issues).
Maintenance (Stages of Change Model)
Has changes behaviour for more than six months.
Why is perceived behavioural control important?
if a person believes that they have a high degree of control over a behaviour, they might try higher to perform it.
Attitude (Theory of Planned Behaviour)
Personal evaluation of the behaviour.
Five categories of adopters
Innovators, early adopters, early majority adopters, late majority adopters, and laggards.
Locality development a.k.a. community development
Process oriented. With the aim of developing group identity and cohesion, it focusses on building consensus and capacity.
The root of most health problems according to media advocacy is…
… not that people lack information, but that they like the power to change social and economic conditions.
Empowerment (community organization)
A social action process through which individuals, organizations, or communities gain confidence and skills to improve their quality of life.
Immediate learning
People learn directly from the message
What are the key concepts in the Diffusion of Innovation Theory?
Innovation, communication channels, social system, and time.
