Lecture 4

Question 1

Why in the respiratory canal does rings of cartilage become c shapes cartilage?

Answer 1

To allow easier movement of the neck

Question 2

Give an example of a tissue artefact?

Answer 2

Shrinkage during tissue processing

Dust particles introduced during staining process

Question 3

What are the surfaces of serous membranes called?

Answer 3

Visceral on the inside and parietal on the outside

Question 4

What are epithelia?

Answer 4

Sheets of contiguous cels, of varied embryonic origin that line all external surfaces of the body and MST internal surfaces.

Question 5

What is another name for the basement membrane?

Answer 5

Basal lamina

Question 6

Where d we find simple squamous epithelia?

Answer 6

In the vascuature, Newman’s capsule etc

Question 7

Where doo we find simple cuboidal epithelia?

Answer 7

Collecting ducts of kidney, pancreatic duct

Question 8

Where d we find pseudostratified epithelia

Answer 8

Upper respiratory tract

Question 9

Pseudostratified epithelia function?

Answer 9

Mucus secretin, particle trapping and removal

Question 10

What does a vascular mean?

Answer 10

It contains no blood vessels

Question 11

What is dermis?

Answer 11

Dense irregular connective tissue made from collagen and elastin

Question 12

What are keratinocytes?

Answer 12

Cells found in stratified squamous keratinised epithelium that produce keratin.

Question 13

What causes psoriasis?

Answer 13

Transit time of keratinocytes from basal layer to stratum corneum reduced from 28-40 days to 2-4 days. resuts in formation of silvery scales as a result of too much stratum corneum

Question 14

What are melanocytes?

Answer 14

Cells in epidermis that produce melanin. They’re absence results in albinism.

Question 15

What are langerhans cells

Answer 15

Antigen presenting cells in epidermis responsible for allergic contact dermatitis. They mediate immune responses.

Question 16

Function of transitional epithelium?

Answer 16

Distensibility and protection of underlying tissue from toxic chemicals.

Question 17

Function of Clara cells?

Answer 17

Protect bronchioles and act as stem cells for respiratory epithelium.have cytochrome p450 enzymes for detoxification.

Question 18

What are microfold cells?

Answer 18

Found only in small intestine. They present pathogens to underlying dendritic cells. Can act as a point of weakness for pathogens to enter. E.g salmonella

Question 19

Cystic fibrosis cause?

Answer 19

Impaired chloride ion transport resulting in no water with mucus from goblet cells.

Question 20

What does cystic fibrosis affect?

Answer 20

Airways, liver, pancreas, small intestine, vas deferents (infertility), skin (sweat glands)

Question 21

Function of stereocilia?

Answer 21

Mechanosensing organelles in ear which respond to fluid motion for hearing and balance

Question 22

How does smoking affect the lungs?

Answer 22

In the early stage mucus layer thickens and cilia die off but these can regenerate in a few days.

At chronic stage goblet cells proliferate to deal with dust in lungs as cilia can no longer do it. Clara cells die and carcinogens induce mutations and malignancy. Fibroblasts lay down scar tissue.

Other cell types regenerate with time but Clara cells never do.

When many cells die underlying carcinogenic tissue can invade.

Question 23

What is copd?

Answer 23

A combination of acute bronchitis where the airways are chronically inflamed with excess mucus and cough and emphysema where the elasticity of the alveolar sacs is destroyed and they exhaling becomes difficult.

Question 24

Difference between epidermis and dermis?

Answer 24

Epidermis is the epithelial cells and their basement membrane while dermis is the dense irregular connective tissue underneath. Epidermis is avascular

Question 25

What are pneumocystis?

Answer 25

Extremely thin alveolar cells for gaseous exchange

Question 26

Chronic bronchitis?

Answer 26

2 episodes lasting 3 months or more in a two year period