Lecture 3

Question 1

What holds cells together?

Answer 1

Cell to cell adhesion molecules
Extracellular proteins
Internal-external scaffolding
Close proximity (pressure effect)

Question 2

Difference between connective and epithelial tissue

Answer 2

Connective lots of extracellular matrix
Connective rarely do cells contact each other
Cells sparsely distributed
Matrix rich in fibrous polymers like collagen

Epithelia have cells bound together in sheets

Question 3

What is the difference between parenchyma and stormal tissue?

Answer 3

Parenchyma is the functional tissue of an organ

Stromal tissue is the structural tissue of organs, generally connective

Question 4

What is the primary cell of connective tissue?

Answer 4

Mesenchymal stem cell (mesoderm) and becomes a fibroblast

Question 5

What is connective tissue made of?

Answer 5

Cells- primarily fibroblasts
Fibres- collagen, elastin, reticular
Ground substance- glucosaminoglycans such as hyaluronic acid

Question 6

Function of fibroblasts?

Answer 6

Make extracellular matrix and collagen

Question 7

Connective tissue functions?

Answer 7

Binding and support 
Protecting
Insulating 
Separating tissue and organs 
Storing fuel and cells
Transport of substances

Question 8

What is paracellular transport?

Answer 8

When substances move between cells through tight junctions in the case of epithelium

Question 9

What is the role of tight junctions?

Answer 9

To prevent larger molecules from moving through the epithelium and into deeper tissue layers.

Question 10

What are endothelial cells?

Answer 10

Specialised epithelial cells that line blood vessels.

Question 11

What are adhesion junctions?

Answer 11

Make a belt all the way through epithelial layer to keep cells together and also act as a barrier.

Question 12

What is the strongest cell to cell adhesion?

Answer 12

Desmosomes- only adhesion found in epidermal cells

Question 13

What is the role of gap junctions?

Answer 13

Important role in muscle contraction as allow the movement of calcium between cells in cardiac and smooth muscle.

Question 14

Where are hemI-desmosomes found?

Answer 14

At the basal surface of epithelial cells. Anchor cell to basal lamina and prevent loss of epithelial cells.

Question 15

What do all epithelial cell adhesion methods require to work?

Answer 15

Calcium

Question 16

How do epithelial cells join to muscle?

Answer 16

Through connective tissue fibres

Question 17

How does tissue adhere to other tissue?

Answer 17

Through connective tissue

Question 18

How do cells of different types communicate?

Answer 18

Nerves and hormones

Question 19

What is a mucous membrane or mucosa?

Answer 19

Combination of epithelium, basal lamina and lamina propia

Question 20

What is the lamina propia?

Answer 20

Areolar connective tissue that sits under the basement membrane

Question 21

What are the layers of the gi tract called?

Answer 21

Mucosa or mucous membrane
Muscularis mucosa
Submucosa 
Muscularis 
Serosa

Question 22

What type of epithelium would you find in the oesophagus?

Answer 22

Stratified squamous non keratinised

Question 23

What is the function of rugae in the stomach?

Answer 23

Folds of gastric mucosa that form longitudinal ridges in stomach and alert you when full

Question 24

What epithelium do you find in the jujunum?

Answer 24

Simple columnar

Question 25

What are plicae circulates?

Answer 25

Circular folds of mucosa and submucosa that project int the gut lumen.

Question 26

What type of epithelium do you get in the large intestine?

Answer 26

Simple columnar

Question 27

What is the big difference in structure between large and small intestine?

Answer 27

Large intestine has no villi.

Question 28

Function of GI mucosa?

Answer 28

Movement f cents and expel waste
Prevent entry of pathogens
Provide lubrication

Question 29

Why is the muscularis of the urethra thin?

Answer 29

Gravity will bring urine out, don’t need muscle to do it.

Question 30

Function of fat in bladder?

Answer 30

Fat absorber for when it expands

Question 31

Transitional epithelium in bladder?

Answer 31

Urothelium

Question 32

Difference between urethra and bladder?

Answer 32

Bladder has transitional urethra has squamous and keratinised squamous at outlet. Mucus glands to prevent ingress of pathogens

Question 33

Is the respiratory tract a true mucosal membrane?

Answer 33

No as its muscle layer is not smooth

Question 34

Will foreign objects lodge more easily in the left or right lung?

Answer 34

The right as its a more vertical path down as no heart in the way

Question 35

Epithelium of primary bronchi?

Answer 35

Pseudostratified ciliates columnar

Question 36

What is the mucocilliary escalator?

Answer 36

Movement of material to oral cavity where it can be swallowed by wave motion of cilia

Question 37

What is a mucous membrane?

Answer 37

Combination of epithelium, basal lamina and lamina propia