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NUTR 480 > Lecture 4 > Flashcards

Lecture 4 Flashcards

1
Q

When is glucagon released?

A

in response to a lowering of blood glucose levels

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2
Q

When is insulin released?

A

in response to an elevation of blood glucose levels

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3
Q

What are the 3 principles of fuel utilization?

A
  • maintaining glucose homeostasis
  • using the fuel that is most efficient
  • preserving muscle glycogen core
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4
Q

Most preferred fuel during high intensity exercise? And why?

A

Carb
because it can metabolize more rapidly than fat to provide ATP to working muscle
Anaerobic
Lactic acid clearance limits duration over which system can be used

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5
Q

Most preferred fuel during moderate intensity and prolonged exercise? And why?

A

Fat
it’s metabolism provides more ATP than carb
Aerobic
availability of carb limits the body’s ability to generate ATP from fat

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6
Q

Hypoglycemia

A

abnormally low levels of glucose in the blood
hypoglycemia triggers the release of counter regulatory hormones to prevent further declines in bg levels and promote gluconeogenesis

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7
Q

Insulin

A
  • released from the pancreas and in response to increase blood glucose
  • helps transport glucose into cells and decreases blood glucose levels
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8
Q

Glucagon

A
  • released from the pancreas and in response to decrease in blood glucose and exercise stress
  • promotes gluconeogenesis in liver and helps increase bg levels
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9
Q

Epinephrine

A
  • released from adrenal and in response to exercise stress and decrease in blood glucose
  • promotes glycogen breakdown and glucose release from the liver helps increase bg levels
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10
Q

Cortisol

A
  • released fro the adrenal and in response to exercise stress and decrease in blood glucose
  • promotes breakdown of protein and gluconeogenesis and helps increase bg levels
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11
Q

How to prevent hypoglycemia in athletes

A
  • encourage adequate carb intake on a daily basis
  • carb rick pre-training, pre-even or snack before activity
  • carb feeding during prolonged activity
  • carb rich feeding after activity to replenish glycogen stores
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12
Q

Glycemic Index

A

classifies food based on their impact on bg levels

reflects the rate of digestion and absorption of carb

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13
Q

GI equation

A

blood glucose area after test food/blood glucose area after reference food x100

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14
Q

Glycemic load

A

the glycemic index relative to the serving size

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15
Q

GL equation

A

GL= (GIx CHO/serving)/100

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16
Q

What should be eaten before exercise?

A

a low GL carb should be eaten before prolonged exercise to promote sustained carb availability and reduce risk of rebound hypoglycemia

17
Q

What should be eaten during exercise?

A

moderate to high GL foods to promote rapid intake of carb uptake to blood and decreased reliance on gluconeogensis

18
Q

What should be eaten after exercise?

A

high GL carb to support replen of glycogen stores

19
Q

Rebound Hypoglycemia

A

insulin release stimulated by excessive glucose before exercise promotes skeletal muscle glucose uptake
exercise also stimulates glucose uptake
there’s so much uptake that hypoglycemia occurs

20
Q

2 types of sweeteners?

A

nutritive

non-nutritive

21
Q

Nutritive sweeteners

A
  • provide calories and influence bg
  • white/brown sugar, honey, maple and corn sugar
  • sweet tasting because of glucose, fructose, or sucrose (glucose+fructose)
22
Q

Non-nutritive sweeteners

A
  • don’t provide calories or influence bg

- sweetness comes from other forms

23
Q

Saccharin

A
  • aka Sweet’N Low
  • oldest sweetener (1879)
  • 300x sweeter than sucrose
  • controversy because of it’s alleged relationship with cancer
24
Q

Sucralose

A
  • aka Splenda
  • 1976
  • 400-800x sweeter than sucrose
  • not recognized as a carb in the body
  • can be used in cooking
25
Q

Acesulfame Potassium

A
  • 1967
  • aka Sunett
  • 100-200x sweeter than sucrose
26
Q

Aspartame

A
  • 1965 by James Schlatter
  • Nutrasweet, Equal
  • 180-200x sweeter than sucrose
  • made up of aspartic acid +phenylalanine
27
Q

How much carb is in the muscle glycogen during exercise?

A

300-400g

1200-1600kcal

28
Q

How much carb is in the liver glycogen during exercise

A

75-100g

300-400 kcal

29
Q

How much blood glucose is available during exercise

A

6g

16kcal

30
Q

What’s the premise of Dr. Atkins new diet revolution

A

dietary carb causes obesity and is associated with co-morbid conditions by raising plasma insulin levels
a low carb ketogenic diet is the ideal state of metabolism that lowers insulin levels and causes fat loss in excess of the energy deficit created

31
Q

The plan for the Atkins Diet

A
  • induction phase
  • ongoing weight loss diet
  • pre-maintenance diet
  • maintenance diet
32
Q

Minimum daily carb intake to support neurological function?

A

100g/day

NUTR 480 (13 decks)

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