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BMS 331 (Anatomy) > Lecture 4 > Flashcards

Lecture 4 Flashcards

1
Q
  • what species is this?
  • 2?
  • 8?
A
  • pig
  • 2- dorsal nasal conchae
  • 8- ventral nasal conchae
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2
Q
  1. What is this a picture of?
  2. what do you see?
A
  1. pig with atrophic rhinitis
  2. destroyed conchae
    • can cause lysis of maxilla
    • deviated septum
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3
Q

do the paranasal sinuses stay around the same size as a herbivore ages?

A

expand in size as herbivore ages

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4
Q

1?

2?

3?

A
  1. Dipole
  2. Exterior lamina
  3. Interior lamina
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5
Q

what constitutes a paranasal sinus to be one?

A
  • Paranasal sinus invades into the dipole part of cranial bone
  • the sinus is where the dipole used to be
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6
Q

4?

5?

A

4- External lamina
5- Internal lamina

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7
Q
  1. what does a direct connection of a paranasal sinus mean?
  2. indirect?
A
  1. direct- communicates to the nasal cavity
  2. indirect- needs to communicate to another paranasal sinus before communicating to nasal cavity
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8
Q
  • 6?
    • does this have a direct or indirect connection to nasal cavity
  • 7?
A
  • 6- ethmoidal sinus
    • direct
  • 7- Middle nasal meatus
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9
Q

What are 2 possible reasons for paranasal sinuses

A
  1. One reason could be to expand the skull to make it larger for larger muscles of mastication and teeth
  2. It will increase size but not the weight since they are filled with air
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10
Q
  • what species?
  1. what is it?
  2. ?
A
  • canine
    1. Frontal sinus complex
    2. Maxillary recess
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11
Q
  1. ?
  2. ?
A
  1. Frontal sinus complex
  2. Maxillary recess
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12
Q

why is the maxillary recess called a recess?

A
  • is not a paranasal sinus because it is not diving into the dipole of bone,
  • not separated by an internal and external lamina
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13
Q
  1. Which large animal species have frontal sinuses?
    • which is it undivided in?
  2. Which species have maxillary sinuses
    • which is it undivided in?
A
  1. frontal- all large animals
    • undivided in horse
  2. maxillary- all large animals
    • divided only in horse
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14
Q
  1. where does the maxillary communicate to to get to the nasal cavity?
  2. will it always do this?
  3. why is this important to know?
A
  1. the middle nasal meatus
  2. always communicate
  3. If you have a disease process in one sinus it will go to other sinuses
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15
Q
  1. Which species have sphenoid paranasal sinus?
  2. lacrimal
A
  1. sphenoid- not sheep and goats
  2. lacrimal- not horses
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16
Q
  1. which species have palatine paranasal sinuses?
  2. ethmoid?
A
  1. palatine- not pig
  2. ethmoid- not horse
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17
Q
  • What species is this?
  1. ?
  2. ?
A
  • cattle
    1. Caudal frontal sinus
    2. rostral frontal sinus
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18
Q

3?

4?

5?

A

3- Medial rostral frontal sinus
4- Lateral rostral frontal sinus
5- Intermediate rostral frontal sinus

  • Intermediate is inconsistent
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19
Q
  1. what is 6?
  2. when does it develop?
  3. why can this be important to know?
A
  1. 6- Cornual diverticula of caudal frontal sinus
  2. Develops at 4-6 months of age
  3. If you dehorn after this time there will be an opening to the caudal frontal sinus and can possibly get an infection
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20
Q

Do all cattle of a cornual diverticula?

A

only horned cattle

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21
Q

(this is cattle)

7?

8?

A

7- Nuchal diverticula of caudal frontal sinus
8- Postorbital diverticula of caudal frontal sinus

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22
Q

9?

  • what is special about this

10?

A

9- Lacrimal bulla, caudal extent of maxillary sinus

  • It is very thin

10- Maxillary sinus

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23
Q

1?

  • what would project from here?

2?

A
  1. Lateral frontal sinus
    • Cornual diverticulum comes from here
  2. Medial frontal sinus
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24
Q
  • what skull is this?
  1. what is this?
  2. why important
A
  • sheep
    1. Lacrimal bulla (Part of maxillary sinus)
    2. thicker than bovine
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25
Q
  1. ?
  2. ?
  3. ? (pointing to 1 and 2)
A
  1. Frontal sinus,
    • undivided, freely communicating with dorsal conchal sinus
  2. dorsal conchal sinus
  3. conchofrontal sinus
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26
Q
  • 4?
  • 5?
  • what does the conchofrontal sinus communicate with?
A
  • 4- Rostral maxillary sinus
  • 5- Caudal maxillary sinus
  • Conchofrontal sinus communicates with caudal maxillary sinus
    • This is a form of indirect communication with nasal cavity
27
Q

What is 1?

2?

3?

A
  1. Conchofrontal sinus
  2. caudal maxillary sinus
  3. sphenopalatine sinus
28
Q
  • 4?
  • what is special about this
  • 5?
  • 6?
A

4- nasomaxillary aperture

  • all sinuses connect to nasomaxillary aperture which then connect to middle nasal meatus

5- Ventral conchal sinus

6- rostral maxillary sinus

29
Q
  • How does the ventral conchal sinus communicate?
A
  • Ventral conchal sinus, communicates with rostral maxillary sinus and then communicates to middle meatus

(5 is ventral conchal sinus)

30
Q

can the rostral maxillary sinus and caudal maxillary sinus communicate?

A

Bony septum – thin dorsal part between rostral and caudal maxillary sinus can erode away with a bad infection and then all sinuses can communicate

31
Q

As the horse gets older explain what happens to its sinuses

A
  • as animal ages the sinus gets larger
  • 4-6 yr old horse – teeth will have tallest anatomical crown – rest of life the tooth will be worn away and erupted –
  • as it occurs the bone overlying the root of teeth will be remodeled
  • larger volume of maxillary sinus of the older horse because it is not holding the reserve crown
32
Q

which sinus can tooth root abscesses happen

A
  • Any disease processes that affects the cheek teeth can affect the maxillary sinus
  • Tooth root abscess can abscess into the maxillary sinus
33
Q
  1. How can you surgically access the maxillary sinus?
  2. what do you want to avoid?
A
  1. Lateral boundary is the facial crest (horse)
    • Rostral boundary – from rostral part of facial crest to infraorbital foramen (horse)
    • Dorsal boundary - line parallel to facial crest (horse)
  2. Important structures near dorsal boundary
    • Infraorbital foramen – a. and n.
    • Nasal lacrimal duct
34
Q
  1. what is it?
  2. what is it?
  • what are these boundries of?
A
  1. choanae
  2. intrapharyngeal ostium
  • nasopharynx
35
Q
  • 3?
  • why is this important?
A

3- Pharyngeal opening of auditory tube

  • This can turn into middle ear infection here
  • can access gutteral pouch
36
Q

4?

5?

6?

  • what is this a boundry of?
A

4- palatoglossal arches

5- base of epiglottis

6- cricoid cartilage

38
Q
  1. what are boundries of oropharynx
  2. laryngopharynx?
A
  1. Oropharynx -Palatoglossal arches to the base of epiglottis (4-5)
  2. Laryngopharynx- Base of epiglottis to the cricoid cartilage (5-6)
39
Q
  1. ?
  2. ?
  3. what does these 2 structures create?
A
  1. Caudal border of the soft palate
  2. Palatopharyngeal arch
  3. Intrapharyngeal ostium (opening)
40
Q

1?

2?

3?

4?

A
  1. Caudal border of the soft palate
  2. Palatopharyngeal arch
  3. Aryepiglotic fold
    • Band of mucosa going between arytenoid and epiglottis
  4. Epiglottis
41
Q
  1. what is the normal positioning of epiglottis in horses
  2. can they elevate soft palate?
A
  1. epiglottis should be dorsal to soft palate for nasal breathing
  2. Not well developed musculature to keep soft palate elevated and out of the laryngeal entrance
42
Q
  • what species?
  1. ​what is this?
  2. ?
A
  • pig
  1. Pharyngeal diverticulum
  2. Palatopharyngeal arch
43
Q
  1. why is the Pharyngeal diverticulum in a pig important to know
  2. what plane is it located in?
  3. which pharynx is it in?
A
  1. If giving oral medications and can get into the pharyngeal diverticulum, force past wall and create an abscess
  2. It is in the median plan
  3. nasaopharynx
    • Pharyngeal diverticulum (1) is dorsal to palatopharyngeal arch (2), this is why it’s in the nasopharynx
44
Q
  1. 1?
  2. 2?
    • what is special about this
  3. 3?
A
  1. Caudal pharyngeal constrictor group
  2. Stylopharyngeus caudalis
    • only dilator of pharynx
  3. Rostral pharyngeal constrictor group
45
Q
  1. regarding the pharyngeal muscles what order do they contract in swallowing
  2. what nerves can affect this?
A
  1. If you get a bolus of food the stylopharyngeus contracts first (2)
    • Then you get a series of contractions from rostral (3) to caudal (1) to propel the bolus to esophagus
  2. Disruption to cranial nerves vagus and glossopharyngeal can affect swallowing
46
Q
  • What species?
  • also point out any differences in species
  1. ?
  2. ?
    • what is this located in
  3. ?
  4. ?
A
  • dog and cat
  1. Lingual tonsil
  2. Palatine tonsil
    • fossa of palatine tonsil
  3. Soft palate tonsil
  4. pharyngeal tonsil

*no tubal tonsil in dogs and cats

47
Q
  • What species?
  • also point out any differences in species

1?

3?

4?

5?

A
  • pig

1- Lingual tonsil

3- Soft palate tonsil (very developed)

4- Pharyngeal tonsil

5- Tubal tonsil

*no palatine tonsil in pigs

48
Q
  • What species?
  • also point out any differences in species
  1. ?
  2. ?
    • what is the white part in 2?
  3. ?
  4. ?
  5. ?
A
  • ox
  1. Lingual tonsil
  2. Palatine tonsil
    • sinus of the palatine tonsil
  3. Soft palate tonsil
  4. Pharyngeal tonsil
    • (well developed in ruminants, located on pharyngeal septum)
  5. Tubal tonsil
    • associated with opening of auditory tube
49
Q
  • what species
  • also point out any differences in species
  1. ?
  2. ?
  3. ?
  4. ?
  5. ?
A
  • goat
    1. Lingual tonsil
    2. Palatine tonsil
    3. Soft palate tonsil
    4. Pharyngeal tonsil
    • (well developed in ruminants, located on pharyngeal septum)
      1. Tubal tonsil
    • associated with opening of auditory tube
50
Q
  • what species
  • also point out any differences in species
  1. ?
  2. ?
  3. ?
  4. ?
  5. ?
A
  • Horse
  1. Lingual tonsil
  2. Palatine tonsil (ventral lateral position)
  3. Soft palate tonsil
  4. Pharyngeal tonsil (will be diffuse in horses)
  5. Tubal tonsil
    • associated with opening of auditory tube
51
Q
  • what is this a picture of?
  • What species?
  • 1?
  • 2?
A
  • larynx
  • ox
  1. Epiglottis
  2. thyroid cartilage
52
Q

3?

4?

A

3- Arytenoid cartilage

4- cricoid

53
Q

which is the only paired laryngeal cartilage?

A

arytenoids

54
Q
  1. What is this?
  2. what is the space 5 called?
  3. what would be found in the space 5 (blue stuff)
  4. why is this important?
A
  1. equine thyroid cartilage
  2. caudal thyroid notch
  3. cricothyroid ligament (connects cricoid and thyroid ligament)
  4. Good place to cut through to get into larynx so don’t have to cut cartilage
55
Q

what is 1 pointing to?

A
  • corniculate process on the equine arytenoid
  • horses do not have cuneiform procecsses on arytenoids!
56
Q
  1. what is the whole structure an image of? (not the labeled 1)
  2. what is 2?
A
  1. equine epiglottis
  2. Cuneiform process on base of epiglottis
57
Q
  1. ?
    • what other species is this located in
  2. ?
    • what other species is this not located in?

(this is an equine larynx)

A
  1. Lateral laryngeal ventricle
    • (dog, pig, & horse)
  2. ​Vestibular fold, “false” vocal cord
    • (not in ruminants)
58
Q
  • 3?
  • 4?
    • what species is this located in?
A
  • 3- Vocal fold
  • 4- Median laryngeal ventricle
    • pig & horse
59
Q

5?

6?

7?

A

5- Thyroid cartilage
6- Cricoid cartilage
7- Cricothyroid ligament

60
Q

Where is the lateral laryngeal ventricle?

A

between vestibular fold and vocal fold

61
Q
  1. red muscle?
    • innervated by?
  2. yellow?
    • Innervated by?
A
  1. red- cricothyroideus muscle
    • cranial laryngeal nerve, branch of vaguns nerve
  2. yellow- cricoarytenoideus dorsalis muscle
    • caudal laryngeal nerve, branch of recurrent laryngeal
62
Q

What does the cranial laryngeal nerve innervate?

A
  • provides sensory innervation to the mucosa of the larynx
  • one of the intrinsic muscles of larynx– cricothyroideus
63
Q

what does caudal laryngeal nerve innervate?

A

innervates the rest of the intrinsic muscles of the larynx including the cricoartyenoideus dorsalis m

64
Q

what does cricoartyenoideus dorsalis muscle do?

A
  • abductor of rima glottis (dilate larynx)
  • (yellow muscle)

BMS 331 (Anatomy) (18 decks)

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