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BMS 331 (Anatomy) > Exam II (Lecture 3) > Flashcards

Exam II (Lecture 3) Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the location of the trachealis muscle in the large domestic animal?

A

It is located internally to the cartilage of the trachea

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2
Q

List the muscles of inspiration:

A

Diaphragm

Ext. Intercostals

Levator costae

Scalenus

Serratus Ventralis Thoracis

Rectus Thoracis

Serratus Dorsalis cranialis

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3
Q

What is the main muscle of inspiration?

A

Diaphragm

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4
Q

List the muscles of expiration: (Remember expiration is predominately passive)

A

Internal intercostals

Retractor costae

Transversus Thoracis

Interchondralis costae

Serratus dorsalis caudalis

Iliocostalis Lumborum

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5
Q

What is the main muscle of expiration?

A

Internal intercostals

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6
Q

Review: In what direction do the muscle fibers of muscles associated with inspiration run?

A

caudoventral direction

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7
Q

Review: In what direction do the muscle fibers of expiratory muscles run?

A

Cranioventral direction

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8
Q

What is the diagnosis for this horse?

Identify the muscle that is extremely defined (undergoing hypertrophy) and highlighted with the black arrow.

A

Horse with heaves (exhibit forced expiration)

The line is the external abdominal oblique muscle

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9
Q

Identify the numbered structures:

A
  1. ) Heart
  2. ) Visceral pericardium (epicardium)
  3. ) Pericardial cavity
  4. ) Parietal pericardium
  5. ) Fibrous layer of the pericardium
  6. ) Mediastinal (pericardial) pleura
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10
Q

Which species (carnivore or large animal) has the sternopericardial ligament and the phrenicopericardial ligament.

A

Sternopericardial ligament: Large animal

Phrenicopericardial ligament: Carnivore

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11
Q

You would expect the fibrous layer of the pericardium to stretch under what conditions?

A

During chronic accumulation of fluid in the pericardial cavity.

Acute accumulation of fluid build up will not allow the fibrous layer to stretch and you will see a decrease in cardiac output.

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12
Q

Which ribs does the heart correspond with and is conserved across all species?

A

Ribs 3-6

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13
Q

What is important to remember when trying to oscultate a large animal?

A

The thoracic limb covers most of the area where the heart is located. Have to go behind the limb in order to hear the heart.

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14
Q

What view are you looking at?

Identify the structures:

  1. )
  2. )
  3. )
  4. )
A

Auricular side (left body wall)

  1. ) Left Ventricle
  2. ) Right Ventricle
  3. ) Left auricle
  4. ) Right auricle
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15
Q

What are the structures highlighted in yellow?

Identify the structures numbered:

  1. )
  2. )
A

Coronary grooves

  1. ) Paraconal interventricular groove
  2. ) Conus arteriosis
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16
Q

What structure does the paraconal interventricular groove correspond with?

A

The septum of the heart.

17
Q

What is special about the fat deposited in the grooves of the heart?

A

They are the last fat reserves for the animal. If these are not present you know the animal was in severe negative energy balance.

18
Q

Identify the structures labeled:

  1. )
  2. )

What view are you observing the heart from?

A
  1. ) Subsinuosal interventricular groove
  2. ) Coronary groove

Atrial surface

19
Q

Identify the following structures (Heart/right atrial):

  1. )
  2. )
  3. )
  4. )
  5. )
A
  1. ) Caudal vena cava
  2. ) Intervenous tubercle
  3. ) Cranial vena cava
  4. ) Coronary sinus
  5. ) fossa ovalis
20
Q

Identify the following structures labeled:

  1. )
  2. )
  3. )
  4. )
  5. )
  6. )
  7. )
A
  1. ) Right atrium
  2. ) Left atrium
  3. ) Pectinate muscles
  4. ) Papillary muscles
  5. ) Trabeculae septomarginalis
  6. ) Trabeculae carnea
  7. ) Chordae Tendinae
21
Q

Identify the following structures:

  1. )
  2. )
  3. )
  4. )
A
  1. ) Right atrioventricular valve (tricuspid)
  2. ) Circumflex branch of the right coronary artery
  3. ) Right coronary
  4. ) Subsinuosal interventricular branch
22
Q

Identify the following structures labeled:

  1. )
  2. )
  3. )
  4. )
  5. )
  6. )
A
  1. ) Left atrioventricular valve (Bicuspid (mitral))
  2. ) Paraconal interventricular branch of the left coronary artery
  3. ) Left Coronary artery
  4. ) Circumflex branch of the left coronary artery
  5. ) Aortic (semilunar) valve
  6. ) Pulmonary (semilunar) valve
23
Q

Blood supply to the heart.

What does the red color indicate?

What does the white color indicate?

Which species have this type of blood supply to the heart?

A

Red color is the left coronary artery and the area it supplies.

White color is the right coronary artery and the area it supplies.

This is an example of a “left coronary artery predominating” and is common in the dog and the cow.

24
Q

Blood supply to the heart.

What does the red color indicate?

What does the white color indicate?

Which species have this kind of blood supply to the heart?

A

Red color indicates the area supplied by the left coronary artery.

The white color indicates the area supplied by the right coronary artery.

This is an example of “Bilateral” blood supply meaning that both the R/L coronary arteries contribute equally. Seen in species such as the pig and horse.

25
Q

Describe the cardiac skeleton. Where is it found? What is it composed of? What is the significance of this structure?

A

It is found at the base of the heart situated around the aortic orifice between the atria and the ventricles.

It is composed of connective tissue, cartilage, and in some cases bone (large animals)

It gives something for the ventricles to contract against. It also helps in separating electrical signals between the artria and the ventricles.

26
Q

Fill in the chart for the anatomical positions of the valves in the horse, ox and dog.

A

Hints:

Right AV valve projects to the right, best heard on the right side, in a relatively cranial location

Pulmonary, Aortic, Left AV valves project to the left and are best heard on the left side

Cranial to caudal: Pulmonary–>Aortic–>Left AV

27
Q

What branches come off of the left subclavian in the carnivore?

A
  1. ) Left subclavian
  2. ) Costocervical trunk
  3. ) Vertebral artery
  4. ) Internal thoracic artery
  5. ) superficial cervical
28
Q

What branches come off of the brachiocephalic trunk in the carnivore?

A
  1. ) Common carotid
  2. ) Right subclavian artery
  3. ) Right vertebral artery
  4. ) Right costocervical trunk
  5. ) Right superficial cervical
  6. ) Right internal thoracic
29
Q

What are the branches of the left subclavian in the pig?

A
  1. ) Left subclavian
  2. ) Costocervical trunk
    10) Deep cervical artery
  3. ) Vertebral artery
  4. ) Internal thoracic artery
  5. ) Superficial cervical artery
30
Q

What are the branches off of the brachiocephalic trunk?

A
  1. ) Brachiocephalic trunk
  2. ) Righ costocervical trunk
  3. ) Bicarotid trunk
  4. ) Right and left common carotid
  5. ) Right subclavian artery
  6. ) Superficial cervical artery
  7. ) Right internal thoracic artery
  8. ) Vertebral (branch off of the costocervical trunk)
31
Q

In which species does the Left Subclavian artery arise as a direct branch off of the aortic arch?

A

The carnivore and the pig.

32
Q

What are the branches coming off of the brachiocephalic trunk in the ruminant?

A
  1. ) Brachiocephalic trunk
  2. ) Left subclavian and right subclavian
  3. ) Bicarotid trunk
33
Q

How many branches come off of the costocervical trunk in the ruminant?

A

There are 4 branches coming off of the costocervical trunk.

  1. ) Costocervical trunk
  2. ) Supreme intercostal
  3. ) Dorsal scapular
  4. ) Deep cervical
  5. ) Vertebral
34
Q

How many branches come off of the costocervical trunk in the horse?

A

There are 2 branches coming off of the costocervical trunk.

  1. ) Brachiocephalic trunk
  2. ) Costocervico trunk
  3. ) Dorsal scapular
  4. ) Supreme intercostal
35
Q

In the case of the ruminant and the horse where does the left subclavian branch off from?

A

The brachiocephalic trunk.

BMS 331 (Anatomy) (18 decks)

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