Exam II (lecture 1)

Question 1

Outline the thoracic region on this animal.

Answer 1

Question 2

Which is larger, the thoracic cavity or the thoracic region?

Answer 2

Thoracic region

Question 3

Describe the location of the vertebral bodies as you go from the cervical area to the thoracic area.

Why?

Answer 3

Vertebral bodies move ventrally.

Gives more of an area for muscle attachments for the epaxial muscles.

Question 4

What muscle covers a large area of the cranial portion of the thoracic cavity?

How far does this muscle project back?

Answer 4

Triceps

To the 5 rib or 5th intercostal space

Question 5

True/False: There is a direct boney connection between the trunk of the body and the limb.

Answer 5

False.

There is no boney connection only muscle which is referred to as a synsarcosis

Question 6

What percentage of an animals weight is carried by the thoracic limb?

Answer 6

60%

Question 7

Identify the structure highlighted in red.

Answer 7

Superficial thoracic vein

In the horse it is referred to as the “spur vein”

Question 8

Identify the structures labeled:

1

1’

2

2’

Answer 8

1-cervical rhomboideus

1’-thoracic rhomboideus

2-serratus ventralis (cervical portion)

2’-serratus ventralis (thoracic portion)

Question 9

What is unique about large animal muscles under a lot of stress?

Answer 9

They will have a considerably higher amount of connective tissue around that muscle.

Ex.) the serratus ventralis in the horse

Question 10

Identify the following muscles labeled:

3

4

4’

4’’

Answer 10

3-subclavius (largest in the horse and pig)

4-descending superficial pectoral

4’-transverse superficial pectoral

4’‘-deep (ascending) pectoral

Question 11

As you move caudal to cranial what happens to the area of the ribs?

Answer 11

They become smaller and more pointed (like an arrow head)

Question 12

Identify the structures highlighted in red and blue.

Answer 12

red: ribs
blue: costal cartilage

Question 13

Describe the process for the formation of the sternum in the cow.

Answer 13

At birth start off with many small bones called sternebrae.

Eventually these fuse leaving only the menubrium (cranial most) and the xyphoid (caudal most)

Question 14

What is the term for a rib with a direct connection to the sternum?

Answer 14

True rib or sternal rib

Question 15

What is the term for ribs without a direct connection to the sternum?

Answer 15

False ribs or asternal ribs

False ribs form the costal arch which is highlighted in red

Question 16

Fill out the chart:

Answer 16

True ribs-1= # sternabrae

Question 17

Identify the following structures labeled:

5

6

7

8

Answer 17

5: cranial costal fovea
6: caudal costal fovea
7: Spinous process
8: Transverse process

Question 18

Identify the following structures labeled:

9

10

11

12

14

Answer 18

9: costal fovea of the transverse process
10: Mammillary process
11: Cranial articular surface
12: Caudal articular surface
14: Intervertebral foramen

Question 19

What are the general trends observed with the spinal column of the thoracic region.

Answer 19

The spinous processes switch directions from pointing caudal to cranial.

The costal foveas start to decrease in size when you go in a cranial to caudal direction

This causes the caudal ribs to be more flexible than the cranial ones (creates stable plateform for the synsarcosis)

Question 20

Which vertebrae on the thoracic portion of the vertebral column has the highest spinous process.

What is this called?

Answer 20

Usually T3 or T4 (sometimes T5)

This highest point is called the withers.

Question 21

What movement does the cranial portion of the vertebral column allow?

What movement does the caudal portion of the vertebral column allow?

Answer 21

Rotation

Dorsoventral flexion

Question 22

Identify the structures labeled:

1

2

3

4

5

7

Answer 22

1: Tuburcle
2: Head
3: Neck
4: Angle
5: body
7: Costal Cartilage

Question 23

How do the ribs articulate with the spinal column?

Answer 23

1. ) Tubercle
2. ) Head

Example: The head of the 4th rib articulates with the caudal costal fovea of the 3rd vertebra while the tubercle of the 4th rib articulates with the cranial costal fovea of the 4th vertebra

Question 24

Identify the following structures:

1. )
2. )
3. )
4. )

Answer 24

1. ) Thoracic outlet
2. ) Thoracic inlet
3. ) Internal intercostals
4. ) External intercostals

Question 25

What structure is being outlined in red?

Answer 25

Cranial projection of the diaphragm going to the 6th intercostal space.

Question 26

Identify the following structures: 7. ) 8. ) 9. ) 10. ) 11. ) Collectively what do structures 9, 10, 11 form?

Answer 26

7. ) Right crura 8. ) Left crura 9. ) Aorta 10. ) azygous vein 11. ) Thoracic Duct Aortic hiatus

Question 27

Identify the following structures: 12. ) 13. ) 14. ) 15. )

Answer 27

12. ) Vagus 13. ) Caudal vena cava (Caval foramen) 14. ) Esophagus (Esophageal hiatus) 15. ) Lumbocostal arches

Question 28

What are the boundaries for the thoracic inlet? What structures are present in the thoracic inlet?

Answer 28

T1, first pair of ribs and the sternum. Trachea, esophagus, lymph nodes, vagosympathetic trunk, phrenic nerve, jugular vein, recurrent laryngeal nerve, common carotid artery, subclavian artery and vein, thymus (young animal), thoracic duct, longus coli muscle

Question 29

Identify the following structures outlined: 1. ) 2. ) 3. ) 4. )

Answer 29

1. ) Costal pleura 2. ) Mediastinal pleura 3. ) Diaphragmatic pleura 4. ) Visceral pleura

Question 30

What is the structure highlighted?

Answer 30

Cupula pleurae

Question 31

Identify the colored structures: Red: Yellow: Blue: Blue Box:

Answer 31

Red: Parietal pleura Yellow: Pleural cavity Blue: Parietal peritenium Blue Box: Costodiaphragmatic recess

Question 32

Where is the diaphragmatic line of pleural reflection in the equine?

Answer 32

- 8th/9th costal cartilage - Middle of the last rib - Gradually increasing distance from the sternal ends of the ribs

Question 33

Where is the line of diaphragmatic line of pleural reflection in the cow?

Answer 33

- 7th/8th costochondral junction - Middle of the 11th rib - Angle of the 13th rib

Question 34

Why is it important to know the location of the diaphragmatic line of pleural reflextion?

Answer 34

Cranial to the line is the pleural cavity but immediately caudal to that is the peritonial cavity.

Question 35

Area of equine pulmonary auscultation?

Answer 35

- Line of the triceps muscle (long head) - Caudal angle of the scapula to the tuber coxae - Olecranon to the dorsal part of the 16th rib

Question 36

Area of bovine pulmonary auscultation?

Answer 36

- Line of the triceps muscle (long head) - Epaxial muscles - Olecranon to the dorsal part of the 11th rib