Exam II (lecture 1) Flashcards
Outline the thoracic region on this animal.
Which is larger, the thoracic cavity or the thoracic region?
Thoracic region
Describe the location of the vertebral bodies as you go from the cervical area to the thoracic area.
Why?
Vertebral bodies move ventrally.
Gives more of an area for muscle attachments for the epaxial muscles.
What muscle covers a large area of the cranial portion of the thoracic cavity?
How far does this muscle project back?
Triceps
To the 5 rib or 5th intercostal space
True/False: There is a direct boney connection between the trunk of the body and the limb.
False.
There is no boney connection only muscle which is referred to as a synsarcosis
What percentage of an animals weight is carried by the thoracic limb?
60%
Identify the structure highlighted in red.
Superficial thoracic vein
In the horse it is referred to as the “spur vein”
Identify the structures labeled:
1
1’
2
2’
1-cervical rhomboideus
1’-thoracic rhomboideus
2-serratus ventralis (cervical portion)
2’-serratus ventralis (thoracic portion)
What is unique about large animal muscles under a lot of stress?
They will have a considerably higher amount of connective tissue around that muscle.
Ex.) the serratus ventralis in the horse
Identify the following muscles labeled:
3
4
4’
4’’
3-subclavius (largest in the horse and pig)
4-descending superficial pectoral
4’-transverse superficial pectoral
4’‘-deep (ascending) pectoral
As you move caudal to cranial what happens to the area of the ribs?
They become smaller and more pointed (like an arrow head)
Identify the structures highlighted in red and blue.
red: ribs
blue: costal cartilage
Describe the process for the formation of the sternum in the cow.
At birth start off with many small bones called sternebrae.
Eventually these fuse leaving only the menubrium (cranial most) and the xyphoid (caudal most)
What is the term for a rib with a direct connection to the sternum?
True rib or sternal rib
What is the term for ribs without a direct connection to the sternum?
False ribs or asternal ribs
False ribs form the costal arch which is highlighted in red
Fill out the chart:
True ribs-1= # sternabrae
Identify the following structures labeled:
5
6
7
8
5: cranial costal fovea
6: caudal costal fovea
7: Spinous process
8: Transverse process
Identify the following structures labeled:
9
10
11
12
14
9: costal fovea of the transverse process
10: Mammillary process
11: Cranial articular surface
12: Caudal articular surface
14: Intervertebral foramen
What are the general trends observed with the spinal column of the thoracic region.
The spinous processes switch directions from pointing caudal to cranial.
The costal foveas start to decrease in size when you go in a cranial to caudal direction
This causes the caudal ribs to be more flexible than the cranial ones (creates stable plateform for the synsarcosis)
Identify the structures labeled:
1
2
3
4
5
7
1: Tuburcle
2: Head
3: Neck
4: Angle
5: body
7: Costal Cartilage
How do the ribs articulate with the spinal column?
- ) Tubercle
- ) Head
Example: The head of the 4th rib articulates with the caudal costal fovea of the 3rd vertebra while the tubercle of the 4th rib articulates with the cranial costal fovea of the 4th vertebra
Identify the following structures:
- )
- )
- )
- )
- ) Thoracic outlet
- ) Thoracic inlet
- ) Internal intercostals
- ) External intercostals
What structure is being outlined in red?
Cranial projection of the diaphragm going to the 6th intercostal space.
Identify the following structures:
- )
- )
- )
- )
- )
Collectively what do structures 9, 10, 11 form?
- ) Right crura
- ) Left crura
- ) Aorta
- ) azygous vein
- ) Thoracic Duct
Aortic hiatus
Identify the following structures:
- )
- )
- )
- )
- ) Vagus
- ) Caudal vena cava (Caval foramen)
- ) Esophagus (Esophageal hiatus)
- ) Lumbocostal arches
What are the boundaries for the thoracic inlet?
What structures are present in the thoracic inlet?
T1, first pair of ribs and the sternum.
Trachea, esophagus, lymph nodes, vagosympathetic trunk, phrenic nerve, jugular vein, recurrent laryngeal nerve, common carotid artery, subclavian artery and vein, thymus (young animal), thoracic duct, longus coli muscle
Identify the following structures outlined:
- )
- )
- )
- )
- ) Costal pleura
- ) Mediastinal pleura
- ) Diaphragmatic pleura
- ) Visceral pleura
What is the structure highlighted?
Cupula pleurae
Identify the colored structures:
Red:
Yellow:
Blue:
Blue Box:
Red: Parietal pleura
Yellow: Pleural cavity
Blue: Parietal peritenium
Blue Box: Costodiaphragmatic recess
Where is the diaphragmatic line of pleural reflection in the equine?
- 8th/9th costal cartilage
- Middle of the last rib
- Gradually increasing distance from the sternal ends of the ribs
Why is it important to know the location of the diaphragmatic line of pleural reflextion?
Cranial to the line is the pleural cavity but immediately caudal to that is the peritonial cavity.
Area of equine pulmonary auscultation?
- Line of the triceps muscle (long head)
- Caudal angle of the scapula to the tuber coxae
- Olecranon to the dorsal part of the 16th rib
Area of bovine pulmonary auscultation?
- Line of the triceps muscle (long head)
- Epaxial muscles
- Olecranon to the dorsal part of the 11th rib
