Lecture 4

Question 1

The reason of othering…

Answer 1

To promote views reflecting colonizers identity and culture

Question 2

Othering

Answer 2

Denial of reason, dignity, self-expression, love, and ‘human rights’ to individuals and groups of people

Question 3

Post-colony Otherness

Answer 3

Central to majority/minority identities, domination/subordination of subaltern by hegemonic social groups

Question 4

Tropicality

Answer 4

A theory describing how tropics constructed as West’s environmental Other, and hos this construction is a discourse of power.

Question 5

Epistemic Violence

Answer 5

Systematic repression of beliefs, ideas, images, symbols, or knowledge not serving colonial domination

Question 6

European Modernity

Answer 6

When inequalities between Europe and Colonies perceived as natural, not outcome of colonialismv

Question 7

Model of European Culture

Answer 7

Model of universal cultures, being a way of participating in colonial power, achieving material benefit.

Question 8

When did Amazonian identity reshaping begin?

Answer 8

Rubber boom 1840-1910, north-eastern dispersion throughout Amazon, bringing merchant capitalism to Amazon, fuelling industrial capitalism

Question 9

How was early capitalist social relations brought about?

Answer 9

Aviamento

Question 10

Aviamento

Answer 10

Socioeconomic instituion permitting laborers to bridge income-free gaps through loans from patrons.

Question 11

What allowed Rubber Boom?

Answer 11

Brazil only exporter of natural rubber, exporters defined price that product would be traded on world market.

Question 12

Economic cycle for extractive products:

Answer 12

Expansion of production, increase in extraction, limit of production capacity, cultivation of species to continue extraction, exhaustion of reserves by increased external demand.

Question 13

Campesino

Answer 13

Someone with a sedentary life, whilst the Colono is more nomadic

Question 14

Types of identification in Caqueta, Colombia

Answer 14

Colonos, Indios, Campesinos, Cocaleros, and Ganaderos

Question 15

Social identification in Caqueta…

Answer 15

Follow Political Economy of commodity production, forest aspects in Caqueta commodified in boom/bust cycles.

Question 16

Guerilla groups affecting Colombia:

Answer 16

FARC, a Marxist-Leninist group, and AUCm a right-wing paramilitary group, disputed territorial control and illegal economics of coca production.

Question 17

Frontiers

Answer 17

Binary opposite of territories, as edges of industrial capitalism and ‘civilized’ worlds.

Question 18

Vocabulary of frontiers…

Answer 18

Denotes othering of space to be domesticated, conquered, expnaded upon, and exploited.

Question 19

How has concepts of Civilization and Wilderness been used in the Amazon?

Answer 19

Justification for violent interventions.

Question 20

What does producing the frontier imply?

Answer 20

Reworking order that dispossesses someone, amking resource available for accumulation, exploiting people in relation to commodity being produced.

Question 21

Example of hegemony

Answer 21

Colono excludes subject by disposession and forced displacement, but allows them to take possession of land by state power, disregarding people already living there, whilst making a livelihood through commodity production

Question 22

Caqueta

Answer 22

A 89000km2 area from Andean foothills to west into Amazon rainforest.

Question 23

Quinine beggining history…

Answer 23

1883 1/3 Colombia’s exports, using indigenous slaves labor, collapse in prices with growing production, moving into rubber extraction