Lecture 4

Question 1

What is the pathway of light?

Answer 1

light enters through the pupil to the retina to chemically stimulate cones and rods to release neurotransmitters and reach action potential in the bipolar cells to send to ganglia cells and to optic nerve to tract to disc and to thalamus and visual cortex in occipital lobe

Question 2

What light do rods and cones translate?

Answer 2

Rods - white and black light / cones - blue green red light

Question 3

How are images viewed by the retina?

Answer 3

reduced and inverted

Question 4

What are the three bones in the ear?

Answer 4

malleus, incus, stapes

Question 5

What are the sections of the cochlea?

Answer 5

scale vestibuli, cochlear duct, spiral organ, scala tympani

Question 6

What are the 3 membranes inside the cochlear?

Answer 6

vestibular membrane, tectoral membrane, basilar membrane

Question 7

Where are the hairs connected to in the ear?

Answer 7

cochlear duct

Question 8

What nerve do the auditory hairs stimulate?

Answer 8

they release neurotransmitters to excite the neuron of the cranial nerve 8

Question 9

Why type of potential do the hair cells stimulate by the vibration?

Answer 9

receptor potential to open K channels completely (not action potential)

Question 10

What is responsible for the sense of equilibrium?

Answer 10

vestibule and semicircular canals

Question 11

Somatic vs. Autonomic nervous system

Answer 11

motor neurons innervate voluntary muscle vs. Motor neurons innervate smooth muscle and glands

Question 12

How many motor neurons are associated with the sympathetic ns and characteristics?

Answer 12

two. First is myelinated from the brain to CNS and ONLY releases ach. The second is unmyelinated and goes from the CNS to the effector and releases ach( only when sweat) or norepinephrine

Question 13

What are the two divisions of autonomic ns?

Answer 13

sympathetic (fight flight) and parasympathetic (rest digest)

Question 14

What spinal segments do sympathetic ns comes from?

Answer 14

t1 to L2

Question 15

Where do the first sympathetic neurons originate?

Answer 15

CNS

Question 16

Where do the first parasympathetic neurons originate?

Answer 16

brain stem or CNS

Question 17

What spinal segments do parasympathetic ns come from?

Answer 17

c1 to c4 and s2 to s4

Question 18

Why do some neurons have a ganglion and others don’t?

Answer 18

Pre and post ganglion neurons are used for sympathetic autonomic nervous systems for involuntary smooth muscle activation
Upper and lower motor neurons are used in the corticospinal tracts somatic nervous system in voluntary skeletal muscle movements

Question 19

What brain part is the main regulator of the autonomic ns?

Answer 19

hypothalamus to medullar oblong to autonomic ns to sns/pns

Question 20

How many neurons are associated with the somatic ns?

Answer 20

2: upper and lower motor neuron

Question 21

What is the distinction btw upper and lower motor neuron?

Answer 21

upper comes from the brain CNS and the lower comes from the spinal cord CNS to the effector

Question 22

What are the 3 types of movement in somatic ns?

Answer 22

reflexes, voluntary, rhythmic

Question 23

Where is somatic ns movement first decided?

Answer 23

Motor cortex sends to cerebellum to thalamus to corticospinal tract to upper and lower motor neurons and muscle

Question 24

What is the corticospinal pathway?

Answer 24

consists of the descending tract to effector using upper and lower motor neurons to skeletal muscle

Question 25

If the upper neurons are damaged what happens?

Answer 25

the reflex arc is still intact but spastic paralysis and exaggerated reflexes will occur

Question 26

If the lower neurons are damaged what happens?

Answer 26

loss of reflex arc

Question 27

What part of the brain is used to speak?

Answer 27

left cortex

Question 28

What parts are associated with speech?

Answer 28

wernicke’s area

Question 29

What happens if the wrnicke’s area is damaged?

Answer 29

cannot understand written or spoken words but can speak gumbled words

Question 30

What happens if there is damage to the Broca’s area?

Answer 30

can understand words but not speak