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Physio > Lecture 13 > Flashcards

Lecture 13 Flashcards

1
Q

What is muscle tension?

A

The force exerted by a muscle/ fiber determined by number of cross bridges formed

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2
Q

What determines how many cross bridges are formed?

A

Fiber length
Fiber size
Fatigue

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3
Q

What does a single muscle stimulus produce?

A

A twitch

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4
Q

How long does each section of a muscle movement last?

A

Action potential : 1 to 2 msec
Latent period : 2 msec
Contraction : 10 - 100 msec
Relaxation : depends

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5
Q

Single twitch vs. Wave summation

A

Single : 1 AP and relaxation
Wave : 2 AP and 1 relaxation with the second AP releasing more Ca+ for more tension

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6
Q

What is unfused tetanus?

A

Multiple wave summations building off one another with partial relaxation between contractions (quivering)

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7
Q

What is fused tetanus?

A

High frequency stimulus with no relaxation

Sustained contraction (complete tetanus)

All troponin are saturated with Ca+

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8
Q

What state is optimal for muscles and why?

A

Resting fiber length

Allows for max cross bridges = max tension

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9
Q

Why is shortened or lengthened fiber lengths not optional?

A

Short - thin filaments overlap = less cross bridges

Long - not all myosin heads interact with actin filaments

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10
Q

What does fiber size matter?

A

Thicker fibers mean more myofibrils which means more tension

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11
Q

What encourages muscle fiber growth?

A

Fibers thicken in response to exercise and testosterone

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12
Q

What effect does fatigue have on muscles?

A

Less contraction = reduced max muscle tension

Result in micro tears from strenuous exercise

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13
Q

What are the two types of muscle fibers?

A

Fast - contract ad relax rapidly ( white with low myoglobin)

Slow - contract and relax slow ( red with high myoglobin)

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14
Q

What type of muscle fiber would be used for marathons?

A

Slow muscle fibers because the myoglobin in it beings in more respiratory ATP

Is slow to work but lasts for longer time using respiratory ATP

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15
Q

What is the tension of whole muscles affected by?

A

Number of fibers contracting ( more motor units = greater tension)

Number of fibers per motor unit (100 fibers vs 100 fibers/ neurons)

Size of muscle (large muscle = more fibers = more tension)

Fatigue

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16
Q

How is muscle tone maintained?

A

By alternatively stimulating different motor units at low levels

17
Q

What is the purpose of muscle tone?

A

Firmness to muscles

18
Q

Isotonic vs. Isometric

A

Isotonic - muscle length changes and tension exceeds resistance is load (the lift)

Isometric - the muscle length is unchanged and tension does not exceed the resistance of the load (the hold)

19
Q

Which whole muscle contraction requires ATP?

A

Both isometric and isotonic

20
Q

What are the 3 ATP systems?

A

Creatine phosphate

Glyocolysis

Aerobic respiration

21
Q

How is energy used during resting?

A

Using fatty acids through aerobic respiration

22
Q

When is creatine phosphate produced?

A

During resting an excessive amount CrP ATP is created and stored

23
Q

What is the duration of energy in a CrP unit?

A

15 seconds

24
Q

What is the stored version of glucose?

A

Glycogen

25
Q

Is ATP required to convert Glucose to its resting state?

A

Yes because it is an anabolic process

26
Q

What is the order of ATP system used?

A

Free ATP - < 15 sec

Pcr - atp from creatine - < 15 sec

Glycolysis anaerobic - < 1 min

Aerobic respiration - 1 < + hrs

27
Q

Where does aerobic respiration retrieve energy from?

A

Glucose from the liver and then fatty acids

Fatty acids take longer to convert to usable energy

28
Q

What colour reflects the amount of myoglobin in muscles?

A

White = none to little

Pink = medium

Red = lots

29
Q

Why do muscles show fatigue?

A

Due to the depletion of glycogen

Build up of end products (lactic acid reduces O2 delivery) / (Pi binds to Ca+ and slows cross bridges)

Failed AP (more K+ in tubules and stops Ca+ release)

CNS fails to command muscles effectively from lactic acid

30
Q

What occurs after long term muscle fatigue?

A

Neurons run out of Ach even in healthy people

31
Q

What is oxygen dept?

A

The recovery of oxygen consumption

32
Q

What is oxygen used for?

A

Replenish glycogen, creatine, phosphate, O2 on hemo and myoglobin

Convert lactic acid to Krebs cycle and liver as glucose

33
Q

Why does the body temp increase in exercise?

A

To increase O2 demand

Increases rate of chemical reactions means more ATP and more O2 in ETC to make ATP

34
Q

Spasm vs. Cramp

A

Sudden involuntary contraction of single muscle

Painful and involuntary contraction of muscle

35
Q

Why do cramps occur?

A

Inadequate blood flow to muscle
Prolonged position
Dehydration
Overuse of muscle
Electrolyte decrease
Injury

Physio (19 decks)

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