Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Physio > Lecture 18 > Flashcards

Lecture 18 Flashcards

1
Q

What is boyles law?

A

The pressure in a container decreases as the volume increases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the intrapulmonary pressure?

A

Pressure within lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Pulmonary ventilation vs. External respiration vs. Internal respiration

A

Atmosphere to lungs

Lungs to blood

Blood to cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the intraplural pressure?

A

The fluid pressure in the pleural cavity
Around the lungs

756mmhg at rest (-4)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is interplural cavity?

A

The alveoli pressure

Matches or is greater than ATM (760 mmhg - 762 mmhg)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What occurs during quiet inspiration?

A

Regular inhale by contracting intercostal muscles and pulling down the diaphragm to increase lung volume

Increased volume = decrease in pressure pulling air down [pressure] gradient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What happens during a forced inspiration?

A

Contraction of:
Intercostals, sternocleidomastoid, pecs, diaphragm, external intercostals

Increases volume of thoracic cavity and creates a greater pressure gradient to pull air in

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What types of breathing are active processes?

A

Quiet inspiration/expiration

Forced inspiration/expiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What occurs during quiet expiration?

A

Regular exhale breathing

Decrease thoracic size = increased pressure compared to atm moving down [pressure] gradient

762mmhg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What occurs during forced expiration?

A

Contraction of:
Internal intercostals, and abdominals

Relaxation of:
External intercostals, diaphragm

Increased pressure = decreased volume pushing [pressure] gradient to atm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is compliance for breathing?

A

Compliance is the effort required to stretch lungs

Low comp = high effort

High comp = low effort

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the stretch of lungs determined by?

A

The compliance and recoil depends on the elastic connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How are the collapsing of lungs prevented?

A

With negative pressure in the plural cavity that pulls the lungs out with the thoracic cavity

Decreased surface tension of alveoli by surfactant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Who are at risk of respiratory distress syndrome?

A

Newborns <7months due to the poor surfactant forcing alveoli to collapse

Decrease of compliance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How is airflow resistance determined?

A

By the diameter of bronchi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How is the airway manipulated?

A

SNS - dialates bronchioles smooth muscle - bronchodilation

PNS - contracts bronchiolar smooth muscle - bronchoconstriction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How are respiratory volumes measured?

A

Using a spirometer

1 respiration = 1 inspiration + 1 expiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How much is the volume of air in a tidal volume?

A

500ml worth of air

Inspiratory capacity (3500 ml) - Inspiratory reserve volume (2500 ml) = TV (500 ml)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How much is the residual air volume?

A

Residual air after max expiration is 1200ml

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is expiratory reserve volume?

A

Excess air pushed out after TV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is minute respiratory volume?

A

Tidal volume x respiratory rate = minute respiratory volume

6L/ min average

22
Q

What 2 volumes make the Inspiratory capacity?

A

TV and IRV

23
Q

What 3 volumes make the vital capacity?

A

TV + IRV + ERV

Largest in/out volume

24
Q

What is the total lung capacity?

A

The max capacity of air in lungs

25
Q

What is the average FEV1?

A

80% VC

26
Q

What is FEV1 used for?

A

To diagnose if someone has an obstructive (less than 80%) or restrictive disorder (more than 80%)

27
Q

What are characteristics and types of restrictive disorders?

A

Pneumothorax, scoliosis

Restrict lung expansion -> low IC/ VC/ FEV

FEV1 will be normal 80% range but will be lower on the chart since overall volume is lower

28
Q

What are the partial pressures of O2 gas?

A

O2 - 21% of air => Pp = 0.21 x 760 = 160 mmhg for PO2

29
Q

How is O2 transported in body?

A

Dissolved in plasma (1.5%)

Bound to hemoglobin (98.5%)

30
Q

What is the partial pressure of O2 at lungs compared to organs?

A

It is higher at lungs at 105 mmhg and lower at organs at 40 mmhg

31
Q

How many O2 molecules can bind to one hemoglobin?

A

1 O2 can bind to 1 heme group

4 heme groups per hemoglobin

4 O2 molecules can bind to one hemoglobin molecule

32
Q

Explain the left shift in a oxygen dissociation curve

A

Left shift makes for low blood PCO2 meaning O2 loads easy and harder to unload

O2 is not in demand therefore less CO2 is made

33
Q

Why do we use an O2 dissociation curve?

A

To measure the range of Hb picking up O2

The right shift mean more O2 demand and more CO2 is made

Left shift means less O2 demand and less CO2 is made from lack of effort

34
Q

What pH condition makes O2 unload easier?

A

Lower pH

Right shift curve

35
Q

Why does acidic environments unload O2 easier?

A

Because CO2 makes the blood acidic

O2 pulls CO2 off the hemoglobin resulting in right shift

36
Q

What temperature makes for easier O2 unloading?

A

Increased temp causes shift to right

Think of exercise - increase demand makes more CO2 and temp

37
Q

What 3 ways is CO2 carried in body?

A

Plasma

Hemoglobin bound

Bicarbonate ions (main way)

38
Q

What is external respiration for CO2?

A

From capillary to alveoli

39
Q

What is the chloride shift?

A

When a high [CO2] is present at tissue the chloride shift encourages more O2 to unload

Switches HCO3 for Cl into cell

40
Q

What is the Haldane affect?

A

The kicking off of CO2 from a Hb at lungs to make room for O2

41
Q

What is reverse chloride?

A

The using of Cl to move CO2 into the Hb once O2 leaves

42
Q

Where is the respiration control center?

A

Medulla and pons

43
Q

What does the medulla do?

A

Set breathing rate and rhythm

Inspiratory and expiratory neurons

44
Q

How does the Inspiratory neuron send impulses?

A

Send it down the spinal cord to phrenic nerve (diaphragm) and thoracic nerve (exterior intercostals)

45
Q

What is the role of expiratory neuron?

A

Fires inhibitory inspiration neurons since expiration occurs passively

46
Q

What is the time ratios between inspiratory neuron and expiratory neuron are fired?

A

2 seconds inspiration

3 seconds expiration

47
Q

What is VRG?

A

Active during forced breathing and use more muscles

If damaged, respiration ceases

48
Q

How does pons contribute to the respiratory?

A

Makes breathing smooth

Damage will cause gasping and irregular breathing

49
Q

What are other factors that affect breathing?

A

Stretch receptors in lungs aka hearing-Breuer reflex

Voluntary control

Chemical control - sensitivity to PCO2 is damaged then it can’t detect low pH to increase ventilation rate

50
Q

Hyperventilation vs. Hypoventilation

A

Low arterial PCO2 -> vasoconstriction by intrinsic response causes dizziness from low O2

High arterial PCO2 -> very acidic long breath

51
Q

How does one get CO poisoning?

A

CO binds more to hemoglobin than O2 and u run out of O2

Physio (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions