Lecture 4 Flashcards
How many joints does the Atlantoaxial joint have?
3 joints
Name the Atlantoaxial joint
2x Lateral Atlantoaxial joint
1x Medial Atlantoaxial Joint
Where are the Lateral Atlantoaxial joints found?
These joints are between the SAP of the axis and the IAP of the atlas
Where is the Medial Atlantoaxial joint found? (2 places)
Articulation between - Anterior dens (convex) and posterior surface of the anterior arch (concave)
Posterior dens and transverse ligament
Name the Ligaments of the atlantoaxial joint.
PACT
Anterior atlantoaxial ligament
Posterior atlantoaxial ligament
Transverse Ligament
Cruciate ligament of the atlas
Where is the Anterior atlantoaxial ligament positioned. (3)
Fixed above to lower border of anterior arch
Fixed below to front of body of axis
Strengthened in the middle by a rounded cord
Where is the Posterior atlantoaxial ligament positioned. (2)
Fixed above to lower board of posterior arch
Fixed below to upper edge of lamina of axis
What is the Anteior atlantoaxial ligamnet a continuation upward of?
ALL
What is the Anterior atlantoaxial ligament a continutation of?
The ALL
Describe the Transverse ligament
A thick strong band
What is the posterior atlantoaxial ligament a continutation of?
Ligamentum flavum
Where is the Transverse liagament positioned?
Arches across the ring of the atlas and retains the dens in contact with the posterior surface of the anterior arch
Describe the transverse ligament.
Concave in front
convex behind
broader and thicker in middle than end
firmly attached on either side to a msall tubercle on th medial surface of lateral mass of the atlas
What does the ligament divide?
The ring into a large posteior section for the spinal cord and a small anteior space for the dens.
What ligament continues into the cruciate ligament of the atlas?
The transverse ligamnet crossed the odontoid process a small brach is prolonged upward and another downwar.
Where do the Longitudinal superior fibres of the Cruciate ligament of the atlas attach ?
to basilar part of occiput
Where do the Longitudinal inferior fibres of the Cruciate ligament of the atlas attach?
To posterior surface of body of axis
What is the atalantooccipital joint?
Synovial joints between the occipital condyles and the superior lateral masses
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What is the Atlantooccipital joint reciprocally?
concave-convex
Name the ligaments of the Atlantooccipital joint ?
LAT APA
Anterior atlanto – occipital ligament
Posterior atlantooccipital ligament
Lateral Atlanto occipital ligament
Tectorial membrane
Alar ligaments
Apical odontoid ligament
What is the Anterior atlanto – occipital ligament fixed to?
Fixed above to anterior border of magnum foramen
Fixed below to upper border of anterior arch of atlas
Where is the anterior atlanto-occipital ligament found?
A broad band between the occiput (magnum foramen) and the atlas
Where is the Anterior atlanto – occipital ligament strengthened and by what?
Strengthened in the middle by a strong rounded cord
What is the Anterior atlanto – occipital ligament continious with?
Continuous with anterior atlantoaxial lig and ALL
How would you identify the Lateral Atlanto occipital ligament?
Thickened portion of the articular capsules
Extends from jugular process of occipital bone and base of TVP of atlas
Where does the Lateral Atlanto occipital ligament extend?
Extends from jugular process of occipital bone and base of TVP of atlas
Where is the Tectorial membrane situated?
Situated in the vertebral canal
How would you identify the Tectorial membrane?
Broad strong band which covers the dens and its ligaments
What is the Tectorial membrane a continuation of?
PLL
Where does the Tectorial membrane extend from?
Extends from the posterior surface of the body of the axis to anterior margin of the magnum foramen
What are the Alar ligments?
Strong rounded cords
What two ligaments support the dens
Alar Ligament
Apical odontoid ligament
Where do the Alar ligaments arise from?
Arise from either side of the dens, extend laterally
What does the Alar ligaments attach to?
Attach to medial sides of the occipital condyles
What are the Apical odontoid ligament?
Fibrous cord connects the tip of the dens and the anterior margin of the magnum foramen
What is the Apical odontoid ligament intimately blended with?
With the deep portion of teh anteior atlanto-occipital membrane and teh supeior portion of the transverse ligamnet of the atlas.
FSU
Functional Spinal Unit
Name the part of the Functional Spinal Unit 10
2 Adjacent Vertebra
2 X Facet Joints SAP/IAP
2x Joint capsules
1x IVD
1x ALL
1x PLL
1X Ligamentum Flavum
1x Supraspinous ligament nuchae
2x Intertransverse ligament
1x Interspinous ligament
What are the five regions of the spinal cord?
Cervical (C)
Thoracic (T)
Lumbar (L)
Sacral (S)
Coccygeal (Co)
Which part of the spinal cord is responsible for transmitting motor signals from the brain to the body and sensory signals from the body to the brain?
The white matter of the spinal cord.
What are the two main functions of the gray matter of the spinal cord?
Integration of sensory and motor information.
Reflex arcs.
What is the structure that surrounds and protects the spinal cord? **
The vertebral column (spinal column) and the meninges (dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater).
What is the innervation of the intervertebral discs posteriorly, anteriorly, and laterally?
Posteriorly: Sinuvertebral nerves (dorsal rami of spinal nerves).
Anteriorly: Recurrent meningeal nerves (branches of ventral rami).
Laterally: Gray rami communicantes from sympathetic trunk.
What is the innervation of the intervertebral discs posteriorly?
Sinuvertebral nerves (dorsal rami of spinal nerves).
What is the innervation of the intervertebral discs anteriorly?
Recurrent meningeal nerves (branches of ventral rami).
What is the innervation of the intervertebral discs laterally?
Gray rami communicantes from sympathetic trunk.
What are the innervations of the facet joint laterally?
by the sinuvertebral nerves, which are branches of the dorsal rami of spinal nerves. These nerves provide sensory innervation to the capsules and ligaments surrounding the facet joint.
What are the innervations of the facet joint medially?
The medial aspect of the facet joint receives innervation from branches of the dorsal primary rami as well.
What are mechanoreceptors?
Mechanoreceptors are sensory receptors that respond to mechanical pressure or distortion.
Where are mechanoreceptors located in the spinal region?
arious structures within the spinal region, including ligaments, tendons, muscles, joint capsules, and the intervertebral discs.
What are nociceptors?
sensory receptors that respond to potentially damaging stimuli, such as intense mechanical pressure, extreme temperature, or chemicals, signaling the presence of tissue damage or injury.
Where are nociceptors located in the spinal region?
outer annulus fibrosus of intervertebral discs, facet joints, ligaments, muscles, and blood vessels.
How many pairs of spinal nerves are there, and what do they branch into?
There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves, which branch into dorsal posterior and ventral anterior rami, and contribute to the formation of nerve plexuses.
What do dorsal rami supply?
Dorsal rami supply the posterior aspects of the trunk and innervate the skin and muscles near the midline of the back.
What do ventral rami supply?
Ventral rami supply the anterolateral body wall and limbs, forming nerve plexuses
What are the four major nerve plexuses formed by ventral rami?
Cervical plexus
Brachial plexus
Lumbar plexus
Sacral plexus
What areas of the body do the cervical plexus primarily innervate?
Cervical plexus: Supplies structures in the neck, shoulder, and some parts of the head.
What areas of the body do the rachial plexus primarily innervate?b
Brachial plexus: Supplies the upper limb and shoulder girdle.
What areas of the body do the lumbar plexus primarily innervate?
Supplies the anterior and medial thigh, medial leg, and foot.
What areas of the body do the sacral plexus primarily innervate?
Supplies the buttocks, perineum, and lower limb.
How many pairs of spinal nerves are there in each section of the spinal cord?
Cervical region: 8 pairs (C1-C8) one above and below c1 (2)
Thoracic region: 12 pairs (T1-T12)
Lumbar region: 5 pairs (L1-L5)
Sacral region: 5 pairs (S1-S5)
Coccygeal region: 1 pair (Co1)
Which nerves innervate the facet joints in the spine?
Sinuvertebral nerves.
What is the role of spinal reflexes?
To enable rapid responses to potentially damaging stimuli and protect the spinal cord from injury.
What are the ascending tracts in the spinal cord responsible for
Transmitting sensory information from the periphery to the brain.
What is the plane that divides the body into front and back?
coronal plane.
The two primary curves of the spine
Thoracic and Lumbar
What structure forms the superior border of the intervertebral foramen?
Pedicle
The anterior atlantoaxial and atlanto-occipital ligaments are continuations of which of the following ligaments?
ALL
What is the structure located on the upper surface of the cervical vertebral body, what kind of joint does it form?
Uncinate process uncovertebral joint
Which of the following does the transverse ligament articulate with?
Posterior surface of dens
What are the typical features of the atlas
ring shape, lateral masses
What structure articulates with the posterior surface of the dens?
the transverse ligament of the atlas.
Whhat are the names of facets on the TVPs of the thoracic vertebrae?
Costovertebral
What plane do the articular processes of lumbar vertebrae lie in?
sagittal plane.
What is the centre of the IVD known as?
nucleus pulposus.
What is the PLL continuous with superiorly?
tectorial membrane superiorly.
What is the tectorial membrane continuous with below the axis?
PLL
Where does the apical odontoid ligament attach superiorly?
Anterior border of magnum foramen
How many plexus come off the primary ventral ramus
4
Which of the following nerves innervates the posterior IVD?
Sinuvertebral nerve
Which part of the IVD is innervated?
Outer 1/3 of annulus fibrosus
The sinuvertebral nerve innervates which of the following structures?
Medial facet joint
How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?
31
How many plexus come off the primary ventral ramus
4
