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Axial Anatomy > Lecture 3 > Flashcards

Lecture 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What seperates the two vertebral bodies?

A

Intervertebral disc (IVD) joints

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2
Q

How much of the length of the vertebral coulumn does teh IVDS make up?

A

20-33 %

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3
Q

What is the function of the IVD?

A

The discs transmit load from one vertebral body to the next.

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4
Q

IVDS decrease in size from the cervical to lumbar as the vertebral body decreses in size

A

FALSE

IVDS INCREASE in size from the cervical to lumbar as the vertebral body INCREASE in size

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5
Q

What joints are IVDS?

A

Cartilaginous joints of the symphysis type

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6
Q

What does the ratio between disc thickness and vertebral body height determine?

A

The available motion
ie. great ration =great mobility

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7
Q

Which region is the ratio the greatest

A

Cervical region

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8
Q

How many Intervertebral discs do we have?

A

23

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9
Q

Describe the IVDS shape

A

Discs are wedged shaped, contriubte to the curves of the spine

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10
Q

What is the shape of the cervical IVD

A

kidney

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11
Q

Do the cervical IVDS extend to the edge of teh vertebral body

A

No, the cervical IVDS do not extend to the edge of teh vertebral body due to the uncinate processes

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12
Q

What are the parts of the Intervertebral Discs?

A

Nucleus Pulpous

Annulus Fibrosus

Vertebral endplate

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13
Q

Describe the Nucleus pulposus

A

Central gelatinous mass
Soft, highly hydrophilic(water-loving), contains glycosaminoglycans (GAG)
No clear boundary between nuclear and outer fibres

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14
Q

Describe the Annulus fibrous ring

A

Surrounding fibrous ring
Series of angular bonds
Aprox 20 bands per lamina direction of bands alternates

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15
Q

How many bands per lamina - Anulus fibrosus?

A

aprox 20 bands, direction of bands alternates

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16
Q

Describe the vertebral endplate

A

Hyaline cartilage layers on superior and inferior surfaces.

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17
Q

3 major Functions of vertebral endplate

A

1.Protects from pressure and atrophy

2.Confine nucleus pulposus and annulus fibrosus

  1. Semi permeable membrane
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18
Q

What anchors the IVD to the vertebral body.

A

The IVD is anchored by Annulus fibrosus and cartilaginous endplate to the vertebral body by sharpeys fibres

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19
Q

What are sharpeys fibres

A

strong collagenous fibres, connection periosteum to bone

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20
Q

What are the 3 parts of IVD composed of?

A

Water

Collagen
1. Type I annulus fibrosus, gives tensile strength
2. Type II nucleus pulposus, give compressive strength

Proteoglycans

Elastin - gives flexibility

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21
Q

What types of collagen are there

A

Type I and Type II

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22
Q

Where is Type I collagen found in the IVDs?

A

Annulus fibrosus

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23
Q

Where is Type II collagen found in the IVDS?

A

Nucleus pulposus

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24
Q

What does Type I collagen do?

A

Gives tensile strength

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25
Q

What does Type II collagen do?

A

Give compressive strength

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26
Q

What are 3 stages are there of herniated discs?

A

PROTUSION
deformation of annulus fibrosus only

EXTRUSION
nucleus pulposus becomes extruded - remains within the disc

SEQUESTRATION
nucleus pulposus breaks through annulus fibrosus lies outside disc in neural canal

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27
Q

Protusion of Herniated disc

A

deformation of annulus fibrosus only

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28
Q

Extrusion of Herniated disc

A

nucleus pulposus becomes extruded - remains within the disc

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29
Q

Sequestration of herniated discs

A

nucleus pulposus breaks through annulus fibrosus lies outside disc in neural canal - will put pressure on the spinal nerves

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30
Q

What ligaments support the IVD

A
  • ANTERIOR LONGITUDINAL LIGAMENT (ALL)
  • POSTERIOR LONGITUDINAL LIGAMENT (PLL)
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31
Q

ALL

A

Anterior Longitudinal Ligament

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32
Q

Describe The ALL

A

Runs along the anterior surfaces of the vertebral bodies

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33
Q

Where does the ALL extend from

A

Axis C2 to the Sacrum S5

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34
Q

Where is the ALL thicker

A

in thoracic region

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35
Q

Above the axis what is it cntinious with ?

A

The Anterior atlantoaxial and anterior atlantooccipital ligs

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36
Q

What does the fibres ALL adhere to ?

A

To the margin of the Vertebral body and Intervertebral discs thicker opposite the bodies than the IVDS

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37
Q

What is the ALL continous with above C2?

A

anterior atlanto-occipital membrane above C2.

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38
Q

What is the ALL made up of?

A

Three layers of thick bundles of collagen

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39
Q

Describe the layers

A
  1. Superficial Layer
    - longest extends between 4-5 vertebrae
  2. Middle
    - extends between 2-3 vertebrae
  3. Deep layer
    -extends between adjacent vertebrae
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40
Q

Describe the Middle Layer

A
  • extends between 2-3 vertebrae
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41
Q

Describe the Superficial Layer

A

longest
extends between 4-5 vertebrae

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42
Q

Describe the deep layer

A

-extends between adjacent vertebrae

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43
Q

what happends to the ALL in flexion

A

It is compressed in Flexion

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44
Q

What happends to the ALL in extension?

A

It is stretched in extension

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45
Q

How long is the ALL in relation to the PLL

A

2x as long as the PLL

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46
Q

PLL

A

Posterior Longitudinal Ligament

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47
Q

Where is the PLL situated?

A

Within the vertebral canal

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48
Q

Where does the PPL extend?

A

from the Axis to the Sacrum S5

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49
Q

Where is the PLL thicker?

A

Thoracic region

50
Q

What happens to the PLL at the axis?

A

It is continous with tectorial (broader) membrane

51
Q

Where do the PLL fibres adhere to at the vertebrae?

A
  • intervertebral discs
    adjacent margins of the vertebrae
52
Q

How many layers does the PLL have?

A

Two layers

53
Q

Name the PLL layers

A

Superfical and deep

54
Q

What happens to the PLL in Flexion

A

Stretched

55
Q

What is teh PLL continious with above C2.

A

Tectorial membrane

56
Q

What happens to the PLL in extension

A

Slack

57
Q

What 4 features does a typical synocial joint have?

A

1.Hyaline Cartilage

  • Joint Capsule
    2Inner synocial membrane
    3 Outer Fibrous capsule

4 Synovial Fluid

58
Q

In synovial joint what is hyaline cartilage function?

A

Covers ends of the two bones
- reduces friction and absorbs shock

59
Q

What is the function of the inner synovial membrane?

A

prodcuces synovial fluid

60
Q

What is the function of the outer fibrous capsule?

A

stability

61
Q

What is the function of the synovial fluid?

A

Nourishes cartilage
Lubricates joint
Reduces Friction
Contains Hyaluronate
Glycoproteins

62
Q

What are the accessory structures of a typical synovial joint and what are their functions?

A

Ligaments - stability
Tendons -stabilise and move
Menisci- congruency
Disc
Bursae
Fat pads

63
Q

What is the bursae

A

a sac of synovial fluid underneath the tendon between bone and tendon
reduces friction
to prevent bursitis

64
Q

Function of Fat pad

A

shock absorbers

65
Q

Function of the menisci

A

congruency

66
Q

Uncovertebral joint

A

Uncinate process - inferior vertebrae

Bevelled surface - superior vertebrae

67
Q

What are uncovertebral joints, and where are they located?

A

Uncovertebral joints are small synovial joints located between the uncinate processes of the inferior vertebrae and the beveled surfaces of the superior vertebrae in the cervical spine.

68
Q

What is the function of uncovertebral joints?

A

Uncovertebral joints stabilize the neck by providing additional support and limiting excessive movement between the lateral parts of adjacent vertebrae.

69
Q

Describe the structure of the uncinate processes.

A

The uncinate processes project superiorly from the superior surface of the vertebral body in the cervical spine.

70
Q

How do the beveled surfaces of the superior vertebrae contribute to the formation of uncovertebral joints?

A

The edges of the inferior surface of the vertebral body in the superior vertebrae are concave, forming beveled surfaces that articulate with the uncinate processes of the inferior vertebrae.

71
Q

What are the uncinated process

A

Project superiorly from the superior surface of the vertebral body

72
Q

What is the bevelled surface

A

Edges of inferior surface of vertebrae body are concave

73
Q

What is osseous proliferation, and where is it commonly observed?

A

Osseous proliferation refers to the formation of bony outgrowths and is commonly observed in uncovertebral joints.

74
Q

Where are uncovertebral joints located in relation to the intervertebral foramen?

A

Uncovertebral joints are located anterior to the intervertebral foramen.

75
Q

What are the potential consequences of arthritic changes in uncovertebral joints?

A

Arthritic changes in uncovertebral joints can potentially lead to compression of spinal nerves and restricted movement.

76
Q

How can osseous proliferation in the uncovertebral joints affect spinal nerves?

A

Osseous proliferation in the uncovertebral joints can compress or impinge upon spinal nerves, leading to symptoms such as pain, numbness, or weakness.

77
Q

What role do uncovertebral joints play in restricting movement when affected by arthritic changes?

A

Arthritic changes in uncovertebral joints can cause stiffness and reduced flexibility in the neck region, limiting the range of motion.

78
Q

Question: What is the orientation of the cervical region of the spine?

A

The cervical region has an oblique orientation.

79
Q

Which movements are possible in the cervical spine?

A

Flexion, extension, lateral flexion, and rotation are possible in the cervical spine.

80
Q

Where is the most rotation observed in the cervical spine?

A

The upper cervical spine exhibits the most rotation.

81
Q

What limits rotation in the cervical spine?

A

Lower cervical spine limits rotation but allows for more lateral flexion.

82
Q

Where is a facet joint found

A

Found between the SAP / IAP

83
Q

WHat joint is a facet joint

A

Synovial joint

84
Q

What is the function of the uncovertebral joints

A

Stabilize the neck

85
Q

Meniscoids

A

Fibro-adipose structure in the thoracic and lumbar facet joints

86
Q

What is the function the Mensicoids do?

A

Improves congruency and thus stability
Highly vascularised and innervated with nociceptors

87
Q

What ligaments suport the facet joints

A

Ligamentum Flavum
Supraspinous ligament
Ligamentum Nuchae
Interspinous ligament
Intertransverse ligament

88
Q

Why is the ligamentum flavum known as the yellow ligament

A

Has thick elastic ligament - yellow colour

89
Q

What does the Ligamentum flavum connect?

A

Lamina to lamina- runs inside the vertebral foramen

90
Q

How many parts does each ligament consist of ?

A

Two lateral parts

91
Q

Where does the Ligamentum flavum run from?

A

C2 to sacrum

92
Q

Where is the Ligamentum flavum found?

A

Above the axis it is continous with the posteior atlantoaxial and posterior atlantoocciptal ligs

93
Q

What ligaments are continuous with the ligament above the axis vertebra

A

The Ligamentum Flavum above the axis vertebra is continuous with the posterior atlantoaxial ligament and posterior atlantooccipital ligament.

94
Q

Where is the Ligamentum flavum the strongest?

A

Lower Thoracic region

95
Q

what does the Supraspinous ligament connect?

A

Connects the SP of adjacent vertebrae

96
Q

Where does Supraspinous ligament extend?

A

C7 to the Sacrum S4

97
Q

Why doesnt the Supraspinous ligament run to the S5?

A

S5 has no spinous process, sacral hiatus

98
Q

Describe the Supraspinous ligament.

A

Thicker and broader in the lumbar than in the thoracic

99
Q

Where is the Supraspinous ligament continous with the Ligamentum nuchae?

A

Above c7

100
Q

What happens above C7 with regards to the Suprasspinous ligament?

A

Above C7 it is continuous with Ligamentum nuchae

101
Q

Where is the the Suprasspinous ligament is continuous with Interspinous ligament?

A

Between the spinal process

102
Q

What is the Ligamentum nuchae a continuation of?

A

supraspinous ligament

103
Q

Where does the Ligamentum nuchae extend from ?

A

from EOP and medial nuchal line to SP of C7

104
Q

Where does the Ligamentum nuchae attched to?

A

It is attached to the posterior tubercle of the atlas and SP of cervical vertebrae

105
Q

What is the function of the Ligamentum Nuchae

A

Acts to resist flexion of the neck

106
Q

What orientation characterizes the thoracic region of the spine?

A

The thoracic region has a coronal orientation.

107
Q

Which movements are possible in the thoracic spine?

A

Flexion, extension, lateral flexion, and rotation are possible in the thoracic spine.

108
Q

Why is movement during flexion and extension limited in the thoracic spine?

A

Movement during flexion and extension is limited in the thoracic spine due to the presence of the rib cage and facet orientation.

109
Q

At which vertebral levels is the least movement observed in the thoracic spine?

A

The least movement in the thoracic spine is observed around T5 or T6/7 levels.

110
Q

What is the orientation of the lumbar region of the spine?

A

The lumbar region has a sagittal orientation characterized by “J hooks.”

111
Q

Which movements are limited in the lumbar spine?

A

Rotation is limited in the lumbar spine, while flexion and extension are predominant movements.

112
Q

What structures do the interspinous ligaments connect?

A

Interspinous ligaments connect adjoining spinous processes.

113
Q

How does the interspinous ligament vary in thickness and development across different regions of the spine?

A

The interspinous ligament is narrow and elongated in the thoracic region, thicker in the lumbar region, and only slightly developed in the cervical region.

114
Q

What is the anatomical extent of the interspinous ligament?

A

The interspinous ligament extends from the root to the apex of adjacent spinous processes

115
Q

What ligaments does the interspinous ligament meet anteriorly and posteriorly?

A

The interspinous ligament meets the ligamentum flavum anteriorly and the supraspinous ligament posteriorly.

116
Q

Where do intertransverse ligaments pass between?

A

Intertransverse ligaments pass between the transverse processes of adjacent vertebrae.

117
Q

To what structures are intertransverse ligaments attached?

A

deep muscles of the back.

118
Q

How do intertransverse ligaments differ across different regions of the spine in terms of their appearance and thickness?

A

Intertransverse ligaments are only present as a few fibers in the cervical region, barely discernible from adjacent muscles in the thoracic region, and thin and membranous in the lumbar region.

119
Q

What structures do the ligamentum flavum continue as from the axis to the occiput?

A

From the axis to the occiput, the ligamentum flavum continues as the posterior atlantoaxial ligament and the posterior atlantooccipital ligament.

120
Q
A

Axial Anatomy (9 decks)

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