Lecture 1 Flashcards
Anatomical Postioning
Anterior - synonym
ventral
Define Anterior
towards the front
Posterior synonym
dorsal
Superior
above
Inferior
below
Medial
away from the midline
Proximal
closer to the root of the limb or the trunk
Distal
further away from the root of the limb or the trunk
Deep
further away from the skin or surface of the body
Superficial
closer to the skin or the surface of the body
Ipsilateral
the same side
Contralateral
opposite
2 words for Superior
Cranial
Rostral
Inferior 1 other word
caudal
Flexion
bend limbs at joint
- make joint angle smaller
Extension
straigtening the limbs at joint
Lateral flexion(bending)
bending the truck to one side
Abduction
movement away from the midline
Adduction
movement towards midline
Supination
palms facing up - anatomical postion
face up
pronation
palms facing down
face down
Anatomical position
Standing upright
feet together
hands at side
palms facing forward
face looking forward
Coronal plane - frontal plane (bread)
Passes from top to bottom
divides ant/post
What movement occurs in coronal plane
adduction and abduction
Sagittal plane - medial plane
pass from front to back
divides symmetrical halves
What movement occurs in the sagittal plane
flexion ad extension
Transverse plane/ horizontal plane
pass through body at right angles to coronal and saigittal planes
divides sup/inferior
Oblique plane
sits between coronal, sagittal and transverse
Axis
moving around
Saggital axis
Anterior to Posterior (AP axis)
Passes front to back
movement occurs around the axis/at right angles
Longitudinal - y axis
Passes superior to inferior
What movemnet occurs in sagittal axis
abduction and addcution
What movement occurs in the y axis
medial and lateral rotation
Transverse axis - coronal axis - x axis
passes left to right
What movement occurs in the x axis
flexion and extension
How many Vertebrae
33
Name the 5 segements and how many
7 Cervical (breakfast- cereal)
12 Thoracic (tea)
5 lumbar - (late lunch)
5 sacrum - (supper)
4 Coccyx
Name 5 fuctions of the spine ( A PASS)
Attachment
- Muscles of the pectorial and pelvic girdle
Protects
-spinal cord
Anchorage
-powerfull muscles which move. the vertebral column
Shock absorber
-IVD (intervertebral discs and curves) and curves of the spine
Support
-head and thoracic cage
What do spinal curves allow?
The vertebral column to resist compressive loads
Describe the baby spinal curve
One long curve
convex posteriorly
Describe adult spinal curve
Four distinct curvatures
Thoracic and sacral
Cervical and lumbar
Which curvatures are we born with?
Thoracic and sacral
What would the sacral and Thoracic curves known as
Kyphotic curves
What is Kyphotic?
Primary curves we are born with
Therefore primary
What curvatures do we develop?
Cervical and Lumbar
What are the cervical and lumbar curves identified as
Lordotic curves
What type of curves are the lordoctic curves
Secondary
What happens to the spinal curves when we become older
It returns to C shape due to age related changes to intervertebral discs
What is scoliosis
Lateral curvatures
What is Hyperkyphotic
Exaggerated kyphotic curvatures
-thoracic
-sacral
What is Heperlordotic
Exaggerated lordoctic curvatures
- cervical
-lumbar
What two major parts do all vertebra consist of
Anterior Vertebral Body
Posterior Vertebral arch
Which are the exceptions for the two majot parts of the vertebra?
C1- Atlas
C2- Axis
What is a Fuctional Spinal Unit
Two Vertebra together plus its ligaments
FSU
Fuctional Spinal Unit
Name facts of the Vertebral body
- Exept C1
- Weight Bearing
- Roughly cylindrical
- Superior and inferior surfaces covered by hyaline cartilage
- Vary in shape and size depending on position
Describe the Vertebral arch
Irregular shaped portion
what does the pedicle connect the vertebral body to?
Posterior elements
What are the posterior elements of the vertrebra?
- Laminae (2)
- Spinous Process SP
-Transverse Processes (2) TVP
-Superior Articular Process and Facet SAP
-Inferior Articular Process and Facet IAP
What is the facet of the vertebral arch
Articulating portion
Name 3 other features of the vertebral arch
Vertebral Foramen
Pars interarticularis
Lamina/Pedical Junction
Describe the Vertebral Foramen
Varies in shape and size
contains the spinal cord
Describe the Pars interarticularis
Landmark structure
Area between SAP and IAP
Describe the Lamina/Pedical Junction
Between lamina and pedicle
Intervertebral Foramen
Formed by superior and inferior verterbral notches
spinal nerves exit here
Where do the spinal neves exit?
Intervertebral foramen
Describe the structure of the vertebra bone
Outside - shelll of compact bone
Inside - spongy - cancellous bone
-strong but light resists compression
Spongy bone organized into trabeculae
What is the body of a typical vertebrae covered by?
Cortical bone
Name 3 patterns the trabeculae runs in?
Vertical
Oblique
Horizontal
Describe the vertical pattern
Principle system
Runs Sup - infer surface
Resists - bending and shearing forces
Describe the oblique pattern
Superior SAP - inf surface of vertebral body
Inferior IAP - sup surface of vertebral body
RESIST TORSION
Describe the horizontal pattern
TVP - opposite to vertebral body
RESISTS Tension
Why does a compression fracture occur?
Area of weakness in the anterior part of the vertebral body
Where does the area of strength occur?
When the trabeculae corss each other
What forms the intervertebral foramen - spinal neves
Inferiorly - Superior vertebral notch
Superior - Inferior vertebral notch
