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biology final > Lecture 37- Ecology > Flashcards

Lecture 37- Ecology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is ecology?

A

The study of the interaction of organisms with each other and environment.
These interactions determine
-Where they live (Distribution)
-Why they live their (Habitat) favorable conditions such as nutrients
-How do they adapt to the habitat (Adaptation)
-How many there are (Abundance)

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2
Q

True/False

Most organisms function singly

A

False- they function as a group thst interacts with the environment (population)

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3
Q

What can the environment affect?

A

The growth, survival, and reproduction of plants and animals

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4
Q

Environmental factors are split into what 2 main groups?

A

Biotic and Abiotic factors

Living and non living

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5
Q

Where is the richness of the biosphere most apparent?

A

Tropical rainforests such as the Panamanian forest

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6
Q

How many species approx are undiscovered?

A

5-30 million

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7
Q

What is one of the main factors that affect the biosphere richness?

A

Humans

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8
Q

How do humans affect the richness and diversity of the biosphere?

A

The more humans there are in a habitat, the LESS richness the LESS diversity there is

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9
Q

What is considered ecological time

And evolutionary time?

A 
Ecological time is (minutes, months. Years)
Evolutionary time (decades, centuries, Millennia)
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10
Q

Hawks eating mice have an immediate impact on prey by killing the mice.
This effects the ecology by x
It also effects the evolution by decreasing y

A

It affect ecology by decreasing the population of prey

Also effects evolution by decreasing the gene pool (long term effect)

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11
Q

What are the subfields of ecology?

A

Organismal ecology- deals with the disciplines, physiology, and behavior of an organism to meet the challenges posed by the environment.
Population ecology- deals with the factors that affect how many individuals of a particular species live in an area
Communist ecology-deals with the wide array of different species interacting in a community
Ecosystem ecology- deals with a community, or several, of all populations and their abiotic environment, such as sunlight. Focuses on Energy flow and chemical cycling among various biotic and abiotic components
Biosphere ecology- GLOBAL ecosystems.
Sum of ALL planet’s ecosystems.

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12
Q

What environmental factors affect the reproductive rate of deer mice in a field?
This q is referring to which subfieldcof Ecology?

A

Population ecology

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13
Q

What factors control the photosynthetic productivity in a temperate grassland ecosystem?
Which subfield of ecology is this referring to?

A

Ecosystem ecology

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14
Q

What factors influence the diversity of species that make up a particular forest or lake?
What subfield of ecology is this referring to?

A

Communist ecology

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15
Q

How does change in atmospheric CO2 conc affects Earth’s climate and life?
What subfield of ecology is This referring to?

A

Biosphere ecology

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16
Q

What type of distribution do wolves exist in?

A

Clumped
They live in groups and families to increase effectiveness of hunting, spreading work, etc
(Most common form of distribution)

17
Q

What type of distribution do dandelions exist as?

A

Random- they get blown by seeds randomly and later germinate

18
Q

What type of distribution do penguins exist as?

A

Uniform-as they posess aggressive interactions and prefer to be spaced out

19
Q

What type of factors are called density-dependent factors and why?

A

Biotic factors

As the density of 1 population can change the density of another

20
Q

How does competition affect population density?

A
    • (negative for both species)
21
Q

How does predation affect population density?

A

+ -

Positive for the predator, negative for the prey

22
Q

How does parasitism affect population density?

A

+ -

Increases the abundance of the parasite, decreases the abundance of the host

23
Q

How do commensals affect the population density?

A

+ 0

Benefits the commensals, host unaffected

24
Q

How does mutualism affect population distribution?

A

+ +
Abundance of both species increases
Eg; bees and plants

25
Q

Gives examples of abiotic factors and how they affect the distribution of organisms?

A

Temp- important factor in the distribution of organisms because of the affect on biological processes
Most cells exist 0-45C (below 0 cells rupture, above 45 enzymes denature)
Water- important factor reflecting distributions of populations. Aquatic populations are adapted to either fresh or salty water by osmoregulation
Sunlight- provides energy thst drives nearly all ecosystems
Wind- amplifies effect on environmental temp on organisms (by contributing to heat and water loss)
Climate- combination of all factors
Macro climate (GLOBAL LEVEL)
Microclimate (community level)

26
Q

Human population increased relatively slowly until around which date?
And what was the population of humans at that time?

A

1660- with a population of 500mil

27
Q

How long did it take for the human population to double from 500 mil in 1650?
And to double again to 2 billion?
And to 4 billion?

A

200 years to double to 1 Billion from 1650
Then only 80 years to 2 Billion (1850-1930)
Then only 45 years to double to 4 Billion (1930-1975)

28
Q

What is the current human population and what is the yearly increase (2010/2011 report)

A

Around 7 Billion, with 83 million increase/ year

29
Q

What was the growth rate of human population in 1962? What about 2010?

A
  1. 1% in 1962

1. 2% in 2010

30
Q

What does the decline in human growth rate indicate?

A

Human population increase is not exponential, Which assumes constant rate

31
Q

What does the demographic transition tend to lead the population growth rate to?
And which prominent country has achieved that?

A

0%, as the birth and death rate decrease to around 0

This was reached in Sweden from 1810-1960

32
Q

Why did the human population growth % dip form 2 to 1.4% km the 1960s?

A

Because of a famine in China

33
Q

When was the plague?

A

Around 1300s

Population decreased by thst period

biology final (17 decks)

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