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biology final > L33 > Flashcards

L33 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the main function of male and female reproductive system ?

A

produce gametes

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2
Q

sperm remain viable for X day ?

A

3 day

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3
Q

Secondary oocyte in the fallopian tube lasts for ?

A

last 24 hours after fertilization

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4
Q

true or false

if intercourse takes place within 3 days after the day of ovulation

A

false

take place within 3 days pirior [ before] the day of ovulation

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5
Q

sperm fuses with oocyte in which layer ?

A

plasma membrane

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6
Q

sperm nucleus enters ?

A

cytoplasm of oocytes

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7
Q

which layer has receptor to attach to sperm ?

A

oocyte plasma membrane

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8
Q

cortical granules release enzymes and zona pellucida become?

A

fertilization envelope. /membrane

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9
Q

depolarization of oocytes help to ?

A

prevent any marr sperm from enterimg

Depolarization of oocyte -> cortical granules fuse with cell membrane  release their content  detach receptors on the membrane  prevent any more sperm from
entering

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10
Q

what is cleavage ?

A

Mitotic division of zygote / increase number of cells

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11
Q

growth ?

A

increase in size of the divided cells

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12
Q

what is Morphogenesis ?

A

Shaping of the embryo through cell migration

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13
Q

what is differentiation ?

A

Cells take specific structure and function. in order to become mature fetus

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14
Q

process of development consist of?

A

1- cleavage
2-growth
3-morphogenesis
4-differentiation

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15
Q

Embryonic Period [ organ formation period] ?

A

the period of system formation [organogenesis]
first to 2 week
[ it period from forming zygote until implantation /morula ]

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16
Q

fetal period ?

A

start at week 8 until full term fetus

growth and development [ maturation ]

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17
Q

zygote -cleavage five us ?

A

Morula

18
Q

first cleavage division is completed when ?

A

30 hrs after fertilization / and it reach morula after 3 to 4 days

19
Q

true or false

all the organ if from oocyte only part of the genetic is from the sperm

A

true

20
Q

During the act of intercourse, the male ejaculates x sperms into the vagina and only y enter fallopian tunes. The sperm remain viable for p days

A

300 m sperms are ejacrulated
Only 100-200 enter Fallopian tube
Sperm are viable for 3 days

21
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

only one sperm is able to penetrate the Corona radiata

A

False. Several are able to.

However, only one is able to penetrate the Zona Pellucida and allow nucleus to enter cytoplasm

22
Q

Describe the early embryonic structure? (Blastocyte)?

A

Consists of an inner cell mass (that develops into embryo)
And Trophoblast, or chondrion ( that will become part of the placenta)
^fertilization membrane sheds later on.], before implantation

23
Q

When does the trophoblast attach to the uterine wall?

A

5 TO 6 DAYS

24
Q

When does complete implantation occur? (And how would you know)?

A

7-10 days (when the blastocyst is completely in the endometrium)

25
Q

Hormone human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) is now secreted from?

A

implanted balstocyst

26
Q

What is the function of hCG and when is it secreted?

A

It continues to allow the corpus luteum to be viable (instead of wearing off after2 weeks) (to secrete mostly progesterone and some estrogen) until the placenta takes over
It is secreted when complete implantation occurs (7-10 days)

27
Q

hCG becomes detectable in the mother blood and urine between ?

A

6 to 14 days after retilization 9 3 to 4 weeks in gastational age

28
Q

Which harmone(s) are responsible for supporting the endometrium and inhibiting the contraction of the uterine muscle?

A

Estrogen and progesterone

29
Q 
What is the failure rate of
Condom
Coitus interruptus
And
Vasectomy
As a form of male contraception?
A

Condom (2-12% failure)
Withdrawal before ejaculation (20-30% failure)
Vasectomy (0%)

30
Q

Describe the contraceptive pill and state its failure rate

A

Combination of synthetic estrogen and progestins to cause negative feedback on GnRH and prevent ovulation (<1% failure)

31
Q

What is the female diaphragm and its failure rate?

A

It is a contraceptive that is analogous to the male condom (20% failure rate)

32
Q

What is the the failure rate of the Intrauterine device IUD, or the loop?

A

<2%

33
Q

What is the temperature method of contraception?

A

Tracking temperature Of body- if it increases by around 0.5•C do not partake in intercourse because ovulation has occurred (4% failure rate)

34
Q

What is the rhythm method, and its failure rate?

A

Avoiding intercourse at time of ovulation by using Calender (cycle must be regular)
20-30% failure

35
Q

What is tubal ligation?

A

Sterilization- Fallopian tubes are banded, cauterized, tied, cut, and clipped.
0% failure

36
Q

For how long does the corpus luteum play a vital role in keeping the endometrium lining [ produce hormones ]?

A

Until around 2 months, when the placenta takes over the role of secretion of progesterone and placenta

37
Q

State some differences between M & F reproductive systems

A

Gonads reside outside the abdominal cavity M; ovaries reside inside abdominal cavity F

  • release of gametes are continuous (some 1 ° spermatids undergo mitosis)M; release of grafiaan follicle 1/month F (all primary oocytes start meiosis I)
  • gamete reserve is replenished throughtout life M; gamete reserve limited # F
  • Test only exhibits -ve feedback on FSH directly and LH indirectly M; can exhibits +ve feedback as well F
  • male tract activity is non rhythmic ; female tract is rhythmic monthly or on the length of pregnancy
  • Male tract only serves sperm transport, store, and maturation; F serves sperm and egg transport, store, maturation, fertilization
38
Q

Define fertility and estimate its prevelance

A

nability of a couple to achieve pregnancy after a couple of years
Previous is around 15%

39
Q

How common is infertility in M as compared with F, and what are the causes?

A

It is equally common with Males compared with females
For males- low sperm count AND OR large production of abnormal spermatozoa caused by environmental factors (such as radiation)
For females- overweight

40
Q

How do you treat infertility?

A

First treat underlying causes
Female sterility drug that stimulate ovulation
Assisted reproductive technologies as last resort

41
Q

Give examples and explain some Assistive reproductive technologies

A

Artificial insemination by donor
For low sperm count males, ejaculate multiple times and collect the sperm. Then the Spermatozoa is placed in vagina by physician
-IVF
Fertility drugs are administered to immature eggs in the lab for them to mature
Then it is intubated with concentrated sperm
Embryo is transferred to the uterus (15-20% SUCCESS)
-Gamete Intrafallopian Transfer
Higher success rate than IVF
Collect eggs and spermatozoa and reintroduce them in the Fallopian tube with speed at the same time (fertilization is in Fallopian tubes)
Viable only if Fallopian tubes are intact and sperm are normal

biology final (17 decks)

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