L25 ,26 , 27 ;)

Question 1

what is the seven trait of garden pea?

Answer 1

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Question 2

who is mandle ?

Answer 2

father of genetics/ his law are applicable in predicting inheritance of monogenic humsn disorder/ use garden pea

Question 3

why mandle select pea plant ?

Answer 3

grow faster/large number

a bigamous plantتقدر تلقح نفسها

easy cross pollnation التلقيح الخلطي سهل

Question 4

what is true or pure breed plant ?

Answer 4

a plant that retained the same phenotype[سمات] on growin generation after gneration [homozygous]

Question 5

what is monohybrid cross?

Answer 5

a cross between 2 plant carrying pure[homozygous] contrasting phenotype of a single trait and the product of this cross is monohybrid

Question 6

what is the law of dominite ?

what is the law of segraction ?

Answer 6

1- In the hybrid, only the dominant factor expressed and the recessive was suppressed

TT or Tt dominite is appeared

2- Dwarf (recessive) phenotype reappeared in the ratio of
3:1 / During gamete formation, factors segregate so that each haploid gamete receives one or the other factor with equal
likelihood

Question 7

when recessive factor expresses ?

Answer 7

in pure condition tt &tt

or homozygous [hybrid condition] tt

IMP note Tt is g

heterozygous condition

Question 8

Tt & Tt will give us ?

Answer 8

1 [pure tall] ; 2 [hybrid tall] ; 1 [dwarf pure small]

TT Tt tt

Question 9

when we use punnet sequare or hardy-weinberg equation ?

Answer 9

to calculate disease freq of an individual = pinnet square

to calculate disease/ carrier freq in population =hardy weinberg equation

Question 10

a phenotype is determined by ..?

Answer 10

a pair of factor

however, mamdel nation was [one gene one phenotype]

Question 11

tt [white flower] & X [violet flower] give us

299 violet and 310 white

what is X ?

Answer 11

X= Tt

understand

Question 12

what are unit factors?

where are they located ?

Answer 12

unite factors are genes or alleles and located in chr /in human we have

22 pair [autosomes]

1 pair [sex chr] we have only one pair so there is less diseases associated with it

Question 13

what is gene ?

what is genome?

Answer 13

1- a gene if the functional part of thr chr or DNA that encode RNA / protain or that produce a phenotype

2- The genome is the entire set of genetic instructions found in a cell. In humans, the genome consists of 23 pairs of chromosomes

in the genome 2% genes [Euchromatin] [functoinal part] and 98% nonfunctional part [heterchromatin]

Question 14

what is locus ?

Answer 14

it is the location of a gene on the chr [plural=loci] it is fixed [ثابت]

but some gene change / move [mobile gene / transposons]

transposition is rerest [rare] phenomenon and it’s causes abrupt changes in the phenotype يعني تغير لي من صفات الجين

Question 15

what is allale ?

Answer 15

an allele is a variant / alternative form or an additional copy of a gene
2.Both copies of a gene at
a locus calle Allele pair

Question 16

what is homozygous / heterozygous/ hemizygous?

what is phenylketonuria?

Answer 16

Phenylketonuria, a monogenic autosomal recessive disease is caused by a gene (P) present on the chromosome 1

Question 17

what is dihybrid cross?

Answer 17

a cross between 2 plant with 2 pure trait contrasting [وحده متنحبه ووحدهه سائده]

same as hybrid cross but here we have 2 trait

Question 18

what is law of independent ?

Answer 18

it’s factors controlling different trait are independent of each other / and they assort randomly without inflencing each other

Question 19

law of independent pased in what ?

Answer 19

passed in dihybrid cross

Question 20

what is the medical relevance in genetic disease?

Answer 20

1- predict disease inheritance

2-genetic counseling

3-preventive measure

[you can’t cure genetic disease yhe only treatment is preventation]

Question 21

how recessive disease happen ?

Answer 21

in homozygous condition [pure]

don’t happen in heterozygous condotoion شي طبيعي لانه بهذي الحاله [called carriers]الصفه السائده هي اللي تظهر وبيكون هو مجرد حامل للمرض carriers [spread the disease]

Question 22

what are the types of human disease?

Answer 22

/

Question 23

what is the variance effect of mendel law?

شنو القوانين اللي كانت ما تتبع قوانين مندل؟

Answer 23

incomplete dominance

espistasis

pleiotropic

Question 24

what is the difference between alleles in population and allele in individual ?

Answer 24

in a population an allele has more than two forms of allele [Multiple alleles]
 But an individual plant inherits only a pair of alleles

Question 25

In human we have ——–blood group genotypes

and ————blood group phenotypes

Answer 25

9 genotypes

4 phenotypes

Question 26

AB blood group does not follow the law of dominance

why?

Answer 26

it is co-dominance bcz both alleles A and B are dominant

ex] if I have BO it is follow the low of dominant

لانه هنيه فصيلة الدمB لانه ال B اهو السائد

Question 27

what are the plant that follow incomplete dominance effect?

Answer 27

4 oclock plant

snapdragon plant

andalusian fowl

thay don’t follow the law of dominance

Question 28

what is the explanation for the pink phenotype?

Answer 28

it follow incomplete domininace ……mixing of individual phenotypes [allales DO NOT mix] and produce incomplete pr partial phenotype [pink]

in this case both allleles are dominant

Question 29

what are the difference betweeen incomplete dominance and Codominance ?

in hybrid condition يعني بس ندرس صفه وحده

Answer 29

in codominance there are no mixing of indiviual phenotype

Question 30

what is Epistasis ?

Answer 30

is defined as the inhibition of a dominant gene by a recessive gene present at a different locus

mandel said -genes are independent not-linked

but now we know – Genes do not function in isolation. A gene can induce or suppress other gene(s)

Question 31

F1 ratio in epistasis is similar to the mendel dihybrid cross but the ratio of the F2 offspring
is different. Why?

Answer 31

the ratio in F2 is 9;3;4

bcz there is a genetic interaction in epostasis so the recessive allele inhibits a dominant gene

Question 32

what is the relationship between epistasis and human blood group phenotypes?

Answer 32

H gene -> present in chr19 and called bombay antigen gene

1- HH or Hh expression [give us] A and B alleles

2-hh [recessive][bombay phenotype] inhibits both A and B and give us O blood group so here we use epistasis

Question 33

what is pleiotropy ?

Answer 33

it mean one gene give us many phenotype

عكس كلام مندل لما قال الجين يطلع لي صفه وحده بس

Question 34

what is polygenic inheritance ?

Answer 34

many gene give us one phenotype and it follows incomplete dominance

ex] three dominant gene give us human skin color [one phenotype]

Question 35

what is the differnce between pleiotropy and polygenic inheritance ?

Answer 35

one gene one phenotype —mendelian

one gene many phenoypes—-pleiotropy

many gene one phenotype——polygenic inheritance

Question 36

what is the carrier freq?

Answer 36

2Cc

Question 37

phenotype in polygenic inheritsnce depend on what ?

Answer 37

the phenotype depend on the quantity of the dominant alleles [quantitave inheritance]

ex] if the number of dominant alleles decrease the skin color become lighter

Question 39

اخذي نفس عميق واستوعبي القوانين اللي بهذي السلايده

Answer 39

Question 40

how can we know the number of phenotype ?

there is a diffirenet between genotype and phenotype

Answer 40

phenotype = 2 n +1

n= gene

Question 41

does the the environnment effect the expression of gene and phenotype ?

Answer 41

yes environment effect gene expression or phenotype