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biology final > Lecture 32- Female Reproductive System > Flashcards

Lecture 32- Female Reproductive System Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the function of ovaries?

A

Primary sex organ that produce egg each month and sex hormones

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2
Q

What are the function of oviducts?

A

Conducts egg Site of fertilization

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3
Q

What are the functions of The Uterus?

A

Houses the developing the embryo and fetus.

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4
Q

What are the endometrium, myometrium, and perimetrium?

A

Endo-The inner lining of the uterus Myo- thick layer of muscle Peri- covering of uterus

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5
Q

What is the vagina?

A

Thick layer of muscle in uterus

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6
Q

Mitosis of primordial oogonia occurs in x until midgestation, where it peaks at of y million oocytes and then ceases. then there is progressive loss of oocytes approximately z oocytes However only - 400 follicles ovulate in women

A

Mitosis of primordial oogonia occurs in female fetus until midgestation (peak of 7 million oocytes and then ceases, then there is progressive loss of oocytes approximately 400,000 oocytes Howebee only - 400 follicles ovulate in women

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7
Q

The oocyte begins its first meiotic division in p wheee it stops in z.

A

It begins in uterine, where it ceases at Prophase I (primary oocyte)

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8
Q

When does the primary oocyte divide meiotically?

A

During puberty, producing the first polar body and a secondary oocyte. The secondary oocyte begins meiosis II and stops at metaphase II

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9
Q

When does the primordial follicle differentiate into the primary follicle?

A

After the start of puberty. Then The follicle starts growing and maturing, at the same time secondary oocyte forms.

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10
Q

When does the oocyte ovulate (leave the follicle?

A

When the follicle matured and the secondary oocyte is formed.

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11
Q

When does the secondary oocyte continue and finish meiosis II?

A

When the sperm fertilizes it, forming secondary polar body/

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12
Q

What happens to the follicle after ovulation?

A

It differentiates into the corpus luteum.

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13
Q

What is the primary follicle able to produce?

A

The sex harmone estrogen

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14
Q

What is the secondary follicle able to produce?

A

Both the sex hormones estrogen and progesterone

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15
Q

How long does it take for the corpus luteum to disintegrate?

A

2 weeks

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16
Q

What are follicles made out of?

A

Oocyte, granulosa cells, and thecal cells.

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17
Q

Changes in the ovary are due to changing levels of x from the y

A

FSH and LH from the anterior pituitary

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18
Q

The follicular phase is dependent on which hormone?

A

FSH

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19
Q

The corpus luteum is dependent on which harmone?

A

LH

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20
Q

Draw the hypothalamic pituitary ovarian axis

A
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21
Q

When does Estrogen act as +ve feedback mechanism on GnRH ,LH and FSH?

A

When the levels of Estrogen are very high (before ovulation)

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22
Q

What are the 3 stages of the ovarian cycle?

A
  • Follicular phase
  • ovulation
  • luteal phase
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23
Q

What are the 3 stages of the menstrual cycle?

A
  • Proliferative phase
  • Secretory phase
  • menstruation
24
Q

What causes Estrogen levels to increase gradually after Menses?

A

FSH levels leading to the development of the follicles (mainly primary follicle) which secrete Estrogen

this initially creates a -ve feedback mechanism on FSH and slightly on LH

25
Q

What leads to the spike in LH levels and FSH levels on day ≈13, and why is the spike of LH much higher than FSH?

A
  • Estrogen levels being very high.
  • When estrogen levels are v high, a +ve feedback mechanism develops, increasing FSH and LH, further increasing Estrogne levels
  • FSH doesn’t spike as high as LH because of inhibin present (from follicles)
26
Q

What triggers ovulation?

A

A spike in LH at around day 14

27
Q
A
28
Q

For how many days is the corpus luteum liable?

A

14 days.

‘for eg, if a women’s menstrual cycle lasts 30 days, ovulation occurs at day 16

29
Q

What is the name for the follicle that will ovulate?

A

Grafiian or vesticular

30
Q

What causes menses (shedding of the endometrium)?

A

The drastic drop of the ovarian harmones ,mainly progesterone, and also estrogen

31
Q

What causes the disintegration of the corpus luteum?

A

The deal in LH levels, more specifically FSH levels higher than LH

32
Q

What triggers the start of the secretory phase?

A

Progesterone production; by corpus luteum.

33
Q

What is a good indication, that is easily testable, that the luteal phase has started?

A

The spike in body temp of +0.5C

34
Q

What is the proliferation stage influenced by?what occurs in the secretory stage?

A

Estrogen

35
Q

What occurs during the secretory phase?

A

The endometrium secretes glycoproteins, proteins, etc to nourish the embryo.

36
Q

The functional part of the endometrium is x% and the intact part of the endometrium is

A

2/3 (66%) functional 1/3 (33%) intact

37
Q

True/ false

The harmones estrogen, progesterone, and inhibin have a -ve feedback mechanism on GnRH?

A

True

38
Q

Why are there low levels of FSH during the luteal phase and what is the functional consequence of that?

A

Because of high inhibin levels. This ensures that no new follicles are recruited.

39
Q

What is inhibin secreted by specifically?

A

Granulosa cells inside the follicles

40
Q

T/False.

‘one follicle is recruited every menstrual cycle

A

False. Several are recruited. However, only one managed to ovulate and transition into corpus luteum. The others disintegrate beforehand

41
Q

When does progesterone initially increase?

A

Towards the very end of the follicular phase, when 2ndary follicles appear (mature)

42
Q

When does GnRH start to drop?

A

Right after luteal phase; due to the -ve feedback mechanism of progesterone starting to increase, while estrogen is decreasing to a level where it has -ve feedback (ultra high levels warrant a +ve feedback mechanism)

43
Q

Which ovarian harmone does the corpus luteum mainly secrete?

A

Progesterone

44
Q

How long does the follicular phase in a 28 day cycle, and what does it lead to?

A

Around 13 days

leads to the maturation of the Graafian follicle

45
Q

When does estradiol peak?

A

Around day 12, 2 days b4 ovulation

46
Q

The LH surge causes the oocyte to

A

Complete meiosis 1.

1° oocyte to 2°oocyte, and expulsion of it with the polar body

47
Q

When do estrogen and progesterone levels start to drop?

A

At day 22; it will reach VERY LOW levels at day 28

48
Q

Does the proliferative phase occur during the follicular or luteal phase?

A
  • Follicular phase
  • it is stimulated by the increase of estradiol (stratum functionale of the endometrium)
49
Q

Which phase describes;

  • endometrium becomes thick, vascular, and spongy in appearance
  • uterine glands become engorged with glycogen, lipids, and proteins
  • Endometrium ready to accept and nourish embryo
  • and what causes these effects?
A

The secretory phase

increased estradiol and progesterone levels

50
Q

An increase in z stimulates the development of the uterine glands

A

Progesterone

51
Q

Describe the process of menstruation

A
  • Arteries that supply the lining of the uterus restrict and the capillaries are weakened
  • damaged vessels detach layers of turbine lining –> blood, mucus, and degenerative tissue to descend from the uterus
  • Fibrinolysis- the breakdown of fibrin released from the dying cells- a clotting enzyme to prevent clotting
52
Q

What is menarche?

A
53
Q

Define amenorrhea

A

A condition where the female does not menstruate by the age of 16, or the uterine cycle is interrupted for more than 6 months (without pregnancy)

Is caused by ;

  • non functional ovaries
  • developmental abnormalities
  • weight loss
  • excessive excercise
54
Q

Define menopause

A

The cessation of the menstrual cycle

occurs between the ages of 45-55

55
Q

What are the female secondary sexual characteristics estrogen is responsible for?

A
  • Less body and facial hair
  • more fat beneath skin to give rounded appearance
  • enlargement of pelvic girdle and cavity to give wider hips
56
Q

Give examples of characteristics that require both estrogen and progesterone

A
  • Breast development
  • Maintaining the endometrium lining
  • suppression-for GnRH
  • inhibitopm of prolactin secretion

biology final (17 decks)

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