lecture 33

Question 1

is alcohol a depressant?

Answer 1

yes and a diuretic

Question 2

is the alcohol toxic?

Answer 2

yes, toxic to the brain and liver in high quantities.

Question 3

how does alcohol effect energy intake

Answer 3

can substantially increase it.

Question 3

how does alcohol effect CHD

Answer 3

possible small protective against CHD, if consumed in moderation.

Question 4

how much of alcohol is excreted

Answer 4

<10% excreted in breath, sweat and urine. the rest is metabolised in liver.

Question 5

what effects elimination of alcohol?

Answer 5

age, sex, habituation, feeding effect, exercise effect.

Question 6

oxidation of alcohol to acetaldehyde

Answer 6

ADH catalyses the oxidation to ethanol to acetaldehyde.

Question 7

why is acetaldehyde bad?

Answer 7

very toxic to the liver

Question 8

how does alcohol generate ROS

Answer 8

The metabolism of ethanol to acetaldehyde generates reactive oxygen species (ROS), contributing to oxidative stress and further cellular damage.

Question 9

how does it get to acetate.

Answer 9

Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) catalyzes the oxidation of acetaldehyde to acetate. Acetate is a much less toxic metabolite compared to acetaldehyde.

Question 10

what happens to acetate ?

Answer 10

can enter krebs cycle via acetyl-CoA or can be stored as fat.

Question 11

cardiovascular effects of alcohol

Answer 11

Stimulates Adrenaline secretion, Vasodilates skin (increase hypothermia risk), Complex effects on coagulation.

Question 12

what does adrenaline secretion cause

Answer 12

↑ Blood pressure
increase Arrhythmias
increase Infarction risk (esp. of brain)
Ventricular weakening

Question 13

long term cardiovasculr effects of alcohol

Answer 13

Myocardial myopathy, dysfunction & stiffening
 Hypertension

Question 14

how does alcohol alter regulation of blood glucose and amino acids.

Answer 14

By way of the ↑ Adrenaline
increase insulin, therefore uptake by muscle
increase Glycogenolysis in muscle and liver

Question 15

how does alcohol decrease innate immunity

Answer 15

Function of neutrophils and macrophages
decrease oxidative burst
decrease phagocyte function

Question 16

how does alcohol effect lymphocytes

Answer 16

decreases them

Question 17

how is alcohol a diuretic

Answer 17

Impairs Anti-Diuretic hormone secretion.

Question 18

Whether alcoholic beverage causes net
water deficit (hypohydration) depends on

Answer 18

Existing anti-diuretic hormone activity
increase by strenuous & dehydrating exercise
Alcohol content in ingested fluid
Metabolism of alcohol

Question 19

how does alcohol effect sleep

Answer 19

decrease quality and duration

Question 20

how does alcohol effect brainstem activities

Answer 20

suppress them. affecting cv control

Question 21

alcohol and mismatch Between Perceived and Actual Competence

Answer 21

Alcohol affects the brain regions responsible for judgment and self-awareness, often leading to a disparity between how competent individuals feel and their actual abilities.

Question 22

how does alcohol effect the vestibular system?

Answer 22

reduces it, making us dizzy, vertigo.

Question 23

decrease visuomotor tracking performance and alcohol

Answer 23

Alcohol negatively impacts the brain’s ability to coordinate visual input with motor output. This impairment affects tasks that require precise hand-eye coordination, such as driving or operating machinery.

Question 24

how much of all diseases burden in developed world is alcohol responsible for

Answer 24

1/10

Question 25

how does alcohol effect protein synthesis

Answer 25

decrease synthesis of new protein after training (see Fig) Maybe in males but not females

Question 26

counter measures for alcoholl

Answer 26

Food intake?
Exercise?
Sinclair: BPhEd Hons - Food improved alcohol clearance but
exercise did not, whether with food or not